initial development

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# PyBuilder
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.idea/

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# fdfd-tools
# fdfd_tools
Python tools for creating finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) electromagnetic simulations.
**fdfd_tools** is a python package containing utilities for
creating and analyzing 2D and 3D finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD)
electromagnetic simulations.
**Contents**
* Library of sparse matrices for representing the electromagnetic wave
equation in 3D, as well as auxiliary matrices for conversion between fields
* Waveguide mode solver and waveguide mode operators
* Stretched-coordinate PML boundaries (SCPML)
* Functional versions of most operators
* Anisotropic media (eps_xx, eps_yy, eps_zz, mu_xx, ...)
This package does *not* provide a matrix solver. The waveguide mode solver
uses scipy's eigenvalue solver; I recommend a GPU-based iterative solver (eg.
those included in [MAGMA](http://icl.cs.utk.edu/magma/index.html)). You will
need the ability to solve complex symmetric (non-Hermitian) linear systems,
ideally with double precision.
## Installation
**Requirements:**
* python 3 (written and tested with 3.5)
* numpy
* scipy
Install with pip, via git:
```bash
pip install git+https://mpxd.net/gogs/jan/fdfd_tools.git@release
```

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import numpy
from numpy.ctypeslib import ndpointer
import ctypes
# h5py used by (uncalled) h5_write(); not used in currently-called code
from fdfd_tools import vec, unvec, waveguide_mode
import fdfd_tools, fdfd_tools.functional, fdfd_tools.grid
import gridlock
from matplotlib import pyplot
__author__ = 'Jan Petykiewicz'
def complex_to_alternating(x: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
stacked = numpy.vstack((numpy.real(x), numpy.imag(x)))
return stacked.T.astype(numpy.float64).flatten()
def solve_A(A, b: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
A_vals = complex_to_alternating(A.data)
b_vals = complex_to_alternating(b)
x_vals = numpy.zeros_like(b_vals)
args = ['dummy',
'--solver', 'QMR',
'--maxiter', '40000',
'--atol', '1e-6',
'--verbose', '100']
argc = ctypes.c_int(len(args))
argv_arr_t = ctypes.c_char_p * len(args)
argv_arr = argv_arr_t()
argv_arr[:] = [s.encode('ascii') for s in args]
A_dim = ctypes.c_int(A.shape[0])
A_nnz = ctypes.c_int(A.nnz)
npdouble = ndpointer(ctypes.c_double)
npint = ndpointer(ctypes.c_int)
lib = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary('/home/jan/magma_solve/zsolve_shared.so')
c_solver = lib.zsolve
c_solver.argtypes = [ctypes.c_int, argv_arr_t,
ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int,
npdouble, npint, npint, npdouble, npdouble]
c_solver(argc, argv_arr, A_dim, A_nnz, A_vals,
A.indptr.astype(numpy.intc),
A.indices.astype(numpy.intc),
b_vals, x_vals)
x = (x_vals[::2] + 1j * x_vals[1::2]).flatten()
return x
def write_h5(filename, A, b):
import h5py
# dtype=np.dtype([('real', 'float64'), ('imag', 'float64')])
h5py.get_config().complex_names = ('real', 'imag')
with h5py.File(filename, 'w') as mat_file:
mat_file.create_group('/A')
mat_file['/A/ir'] = A.indices.astype(numpy.intc)
mat_file['/A/jc'] = A.indptr.astype(numpy.intc)
mat_file['/A/data'] = A.data
mat_file['/b'] = b
mat_file['/x'] = numpy.zeros_like(b)
def test0():
dx = 50 # discretization (nm/cell)
pml_thickness = 10 # (number of cells)
wl = 1550 # Excitation wavelength
omega = 2 * numpy.pi / wl
# Device design parameters
radii = (1, 0.6)
th = 220
center = [0, 0, 0]
# refractive indices
n_ring = numpy.sqrt(12.6) # ~Si
n_air = 4.0 # air
# Half-dimensions of the simulation grid
xyz_max = numpy.array([1.2, 1.2, 0.3]) * 1000 + pml_thickness * dx
# Coordinates of the edges of the cells.
half_edge_coords = [numpy.arange(dx/2, m + dx, step=dx) for m in xyz_max]
edge_coords = [numpy.hstack((-h[::-1], h)) for h in half_edge_coords]
# #### Create the grid, mask, and draw the device ####
grid = gridlock.Grid(edge_coords, initial=n_air**2, num_grids=3)
grid.draw_cylinder(surface_normal=gridlock.Direction.z,
center=center,
radius=max(radii),
thickness=th,
eps=n_ring**2,
num_points=24)
grid.draw_cylinder(surface_normal=gridlock.Direction.z,
center=center,
radius=min(radii),
thickness=th*1.1,
eps=n_air ** 2,
num_points=24)
dx0_a = grid.dxyz
dx0_b = [grid.shifted_dxyz(which_shifts=a)[a] for a in range(3)]
dxes = [dx0_a, dx0_b]
for a in (0, 1, 2):
for p in (-1, 1):
dxes = fdfd_tools.grid.stretch_with_scpml(dxes, axis=a, polarity=p, omega=omega,
thickness=pml_thickness)
J = [numpy.zeros_like(grid.grids[0], dtype=complex) for _ in range(3)]
J[1][15, grid.shape[1]//2, grid.shape[2]//2] = 1e5
A = fdfd_tools.functional.e_full(omega, dxes, vec(grid.grids)).tocsr()
b = -1j * omega * vec(J)
x = solve_A(A, b)
E = unvec(x, grid.shape)
print('Norm of the residual is {}'.format(numpy.linalg.norm(A.dot(x) - b)/numpy.linalg.norm(b)))
pyplot.figure()
pyplot.pcolor(numpy.real(E[1][:, :, grid.shape[2]//2]), cmap='seismic')
pyplot.axis('equal')
pyplot.show()
def test1():
dx = 40 # discretization (nm/cell)
pml_thickness = 10 # (number of cells)
wl = 1550 # Excitation wavelength
omega = 2 * numpy.pi / wl
# Device design parameters
w = 600
th = 220
center = [0, 0, 0]
# refractive indices
n_wg = numpy.sqrt(12.6) # ~Si
n_air = 1.0 # air
# Half-dimensions of the simulation grid
xyz_max = numpy.array([0.8, 0.9, 0.6]) * 1000 + (pml_thickness + 2) * dx
# Coordinates of the edges of the cells.
half_edge_coords = [numpy.arange(dx/2, m + dx/2, step=dx) for m in xyz_max]
edge_coords = [numpy.hstack((-h[::-1], h)) for h in half_edge_coords]
# #### Create the grid and draw the device ####
grid = gridlock.Grid(edge_coords, initial=n_air**2, num_grids=3)
grid.draw_cuboid(center=center, dimensions=[8e3, w, th], eps=n_wg**2)
dx0_a = grid.dxyz
dx0_b = [grid.shifted_dxyz(which_shifts=a)[a] for a in range(3)]
dxes = [dx0_a, dx0_b]
for a in (0, 1, 2):
for p in (-1, 1):
dxes = fdfd_tools.grid.stretch_with_scpml(dxes,omega=omega, axis=a, polarity=p,
thickness=pml_thickness)
half_dims = numpy.array([10, 20, 15]) * dx
dims = [-half_dims, half_dims]
dims[1][0] = dims[0][0]
ind_dims = (grid.pos2ind(dims[0], which_shifts=None).astype(int),
grid.pos2ind(dims[1], which_shifts=None).astype(int))
wg_args = {
'omega': omega,
'slices': [slice(i, f+1) for i, f in zip(*ind_dims)],
'dxes': dxes,
'axis': 0,
'polarity': +1,
}
wg_results = waveguide_mode.solve_waveguide_mode(mode_number=0, **wg_args, epsilon=grid.grids)
J = waveguide_mode.compute_source(**wg_args, **wg_results)
H_overlap = waveguide_mode.compute_overlap_e(**wg_args, **wg_results)
A = fdfd_tools.operators.e_full(omega, dxes, vec(grid.grids)).tocsr()
b = -1j * omega * vec(J)
x = solve_A(A, b)
E = unvec(x, grid.shape)
print('Norm of the residual is ', numpy.linalg.norm(A @ x - b))
def pcolor(v):
vmax = numpy.max(numpy.abs(v))
pyplot.pcolor(v, cmap='seismic', vmin=-vmax, vmax=vmax)
pyplot.axis('equal')
pyplot.colorbar()
center = grid.pos2ind([0, 0, 0], None).astype(int)
pyplot.figure()
pyplot.subplot(2, 2, 1)
pcolor(numpy.real(E[1][center[0], :, :]))
pyplot.subplot(2, 2, 2)
pyplot.plot(numpy.log10(numpy.abs(E[1][:, center[1], center[2]]) + 1e-10))
pyplot.subplot(2, 2, 3)
pcolor(numpy.real(E[1][:, :, center[2]]))
pyplot.subplot(2, 2, 4)
def poyntings(E):
e = vec(E)
h = fdfd_tools.operators.e2h(omega, dxes) @ e
cross1 = fdfd_tools.operators.poynting_e_cross(e, dxes) @ h.conj()
cross2 = fdfd_tools.operators.poynting_h_cross(h.conj(), dxes) @ e
s1 = unvec(0.5 * numpy.real(cross1), grid.shape)
s2 = unvec(0.5 * numpy.real(-cross2), grid.shape)
return s1, s2
s1x, s2x = poyntings(E)
pyplot.plot(s1x[0].sum(axis=2).sum(axis=1))
pyplot.hold(True)
pyplot.plot(s2x[0].sum(axis=2).sum(axis=1))
pyplot.show()
q = []
for i in range(-5, 30):
H_rolled = [numpy.roll(h, i, axis=0) for h in H_overlap]
q += [numpy.abs(vec(E) @ vec(H_rolled))]
pyplot.figure()
pyplot.plot(q)
pyplot.title('Overlap with mode')
pyplot.show()
print('Average overlap with mode:', sum(q)/len(q))
if __name__ == '__main__':
# test0()
test1()

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"""
Electromagnetic FDFD simulation tools
Tools for 3D and 2D Electromagnetic Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD)
simulations. These tools handle conversion of fields to/from vector form,
creation of the wave operator matrix, stretched-coordinate PMLs,
field conversion operators, waveguide mode operator, and waveguide mode
solver.
This package only contains a solver for the waveguide mode eigenproblem;
if you want to solve 3D problems you can use your favorite iterative sparse
matrix solver (so long as it can handle complex symmetric [non-Hermitian]
matrices, ideally with double precision).
Dependencies:
- numpy
- scipy
"""
from .vectorization import vec, unvec, field_t, vfield_t
from .grid import dx_lists_t
__author__ = 'Jan Petykiewicz'

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"""
Functional versions of many FDFD operators. These can be useful for performing
FDFD calculations without needing to construct large matrices in memory.
The functions generated here expect inputs in the form E = [E_x, E_y, E_z], where each
component E_* is an ndarray of equal shape.
"""
from typing import List, Callable
import numpy
from . import dx_lists_t, field_t
__author__ = 'Jan Petykiewicz'
functional_matrix = Callable[[List[numpy.ndarray]], List[numpy.ndarray]]
def curl_h(dxes: dx_lists_t) -> functional_matrix:
"""
Curl operator for use with the H field.
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:return: Function for taking the discretized curl of the H-field, F(H) -> curlH
"""
dxyz_b = numpy.meshgrid(*dxes[1], indexing='ij')
def dH(f, ax):
return (f - numpy.roll(f, 1, axis=ax)) / dxyz_b[ax]
def ch_fun(H: List[numpy.ndarray]) -> List[numpy.ndarray]:
E = [dH(H[2], 1) - dH(H[1], 2),
dH(H[0], 2) - dH(H[2], 0),
dH(H[1], 0) - dH(H[0], 1)]
return E
return ch_fun
def curl_e(dxes: dx_lists_t) -> functional_matrix:
"""
Curl operator for use with the E field.
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:return: Function for taking the discretized curl of the E-field, F(E) -> curlE
"""
dxyz_a = numpy.meshgrid(*dxes[0], indexing='ij')
def dE(f, ax):
return (numpy.roll(f, -1, axis=ax) - f) / dxyz_a[ax]
def ce_fun(E: List[numpy.ndarray]) -> List[numpy.ndarray]:
H = [dE(E[2], 1) - dE(E[1], 2),
dE(E[0], 2) - dE(E[2], 0),
dE(E[1], 0) - dE(E[0], 1)]
return H
return ce_fun
def e_full(omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: field_t,
mu: field_t = None
) -> functional_matrix:
"""
Wave operator del x (1/mu * del x) - omega**2 * epsilon, for use with E-field,
with wave equation
(del x (1/mu * del x) - omega**2 * epsilon) E = -i * omega * J
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param epsilon: Dielectric constant
:param mu: Magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Function implementing the wave operator A(E) -> E
"""
ch = curl_h(dxes)
ce = curl_e(dxes)
def op_1(E):
curls = ch(ce(E))
return [c - omega ** 2 * e * x for c, e, x in zip(curls, epsilon, E)]
def op_mu(E):
curls = ch([m * y for m, y in zip(mu, ce(E))])
return [c - omega ** 2 * e * x for c, e, x in zip(curls, epsilon, E)]
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
return op_1
else:
return op_mu
def eh_full(omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: field_t,
mu: field_t = None
) -> functional_matrix:
"""
Wave operator for full (both E and H) field representation.
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param epsilon: Dielectric constant
:param mu: Magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Function implementing the wave operator A(E, H) -> (E, H)
"""
ch = curl_h(dxes)
ce = curl_e(dxes)
def op_1(E, H):
return ([c - 1j * omega * e * x for c, e, x in zip(ch(H), epsilon, E)],
[c + 1j * omega * y for c, y in zip(ce(E), H)])
def op_mu(E, H):
return ([c - 1j * omega * e * x for c, e, x in zip(ch(H), epsilon, E)],
[c + 1j * omega * m * y for c, m, y in zip(ce(E), mu, H)])
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
return op_1
else:
return op_mu
def e2h(omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
mu: field_t = None,
) -> functional_matrix:
"""
Utility operator for converting the E field into the H field.
For use with e_full -- assumes that there is no magnetic current M.
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param mu: Magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Function for converting E to H
"""
A2 = curl_e(dxes)
def e2h_1_1(E):
return [y / (-1j * omega) for y in A2(E)]
def e2h_mu(E):
return [y / (-1j * omega * m) for y, m in zip(A2(E), mu)]
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
return e2h_1_1
else:
return e2h_mu

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"""
Functions for creating stretched coordinate PMLs.
"""
from typing import List, Tuple, Callable
import numpy
__author__ = 'Jan Petykiewicz'
dx_lists_t = List[List[numpy.ndarray]]
s_function_type = Callable[[float], float]
def prepare_s_function(ln_R: float = -16,
m: float = 4
) -> s_function_type:
"""
Create an s_function to pass to the SCPML functions. This is used when you would like to
customize the PML parameters.
:param ln_R: Natural logarithm of the desired reflectance
:param m: Polynomial order for the PML (imaginary part increases as distance ** m)
:return: An s_function, which takes an ndarray (distances) and returns an ndarray (complex part of
the cell width; needs to be divided by sqrt(epilon_effective) * real(omega)) before
use.
"""
def s_factor(distance: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
s_max = (m + 1) * ln_R / 2 # / 2 because we have assume boundaries
return s_max * (distance ** m)
return s_factor
def uniform_grid_scpml(shape: numpy.ndarray or List[int],
thicknesses: numpy.ndarray or List[int],
omega: float,
epsilon_effective: float = 1.0,
s_function: s_function_type = None,
) -> dx_lists_t:
"""
Create dx arrays for a uniform grid with a cell width of 1 and a pml.
If you want something more fine-grained, check out stretch_with_scpml(...).
:param shape: Shape of the grid, including the PMLs (which are 2*thicknesses thick)
:param thicknesses: [th_x, th_y, th_z] Thickness of the PML in each direction. Both polarities are added.
Each th_ of pml is applied twice, once on each edge of the grid along the given axis.
th_* may be zero, in which case no pml is added.
:param omega: Angular frequency for the simulation
:param epsilon_effective: Effective epsilon of the PML. Match this to the material at the edge of your grid.
Default 1.
:param s_function: s_function created by prepare_s_function(...), allowing customization of pml parameters.
Default uses prepare_s_function() with no parameters.
:return: Complex cell widths (dx_lists)
"""
if s_function is None:
s_function = prepare_s_function()
# Normalized distance to nearest boundary
def l(u, n, t):
return ((t - u).clip(0) + (u - (n - t)).clip(0)) / t
dx_a = [numpy.array(numpy.inf)] * 3
dx_b = [numpy.array(numpy.inf)] * 3
# divide by this to adjust for epsilon_effective and omega
s_correction = numpy.sqrt(epsilon_effective) * numpy.real(omega)
for k, th in enumerate(thicknesses):
s = shape[k]
if th > 0:
sr = numpy.arange(s)
dx_a[k] = 1 + 1j * s_function(l(sr, s, th)) / s_correction
dx_b[k] = 1 + 1j * s_function(l(sr+0.5, s, th)) / s_correction
else:
dx_a[k] = numpy.ones((s,))
dx_b[k] = numpy.ones((s,))
return [dx_a, dx_b]
def stretch_with_scpml(dxes: dx_lists_t,
axis: int,
polarity: int,
omega: float,
epsilon_effective: float = 1.0,
thickness: int = 10,
s_function: s_function_type = None,
) -> dx_lists_t:
"""
Stretch dxes to contain a stretched-coordinate PML (SCPML) in one direction along one axis.
:param dxes: dx_tuple with coordinates to stretch
:param axis: axis to stretch (0=x, 1=y, 2=z)
:param polarity: direction to stretch (-1 for -ve, +1 for +ve)
:param omega: Angular frequency for the simulation
:param epsilon_effective: Effective epsilon of the PML. Match this to the material at the edge of your grid.
Default 1.
:param thickness: number of cells to use for pml (default 10)
:param s_function: s_function created by prepare_s_function(...), allowing customization of pml parameters.
Default uses prepare_s_function() with no parameters.
:return: Complex cell widths
"""
if s_function is None:
s_function = prepare_s_function()
dx_ai = dxes[0][axis].astype(complex)
dx_bi = dxes[1][axis].astype(complex)
pos = numpy.hstack((0, dx_ai.cumsum()))
pos_a = (pos[:-1] + pos[1:]) / 2
pos_b = pos[:-1]
# divide by this to adjust for epsilon_effective and omega
s_correction = numpy.sqrt(epsilon_effective) * numpy.real(omega)
if polarity > 0:
# front pml
bound = pos[thickness]
d = bound - pos[0]
def l_d(x):
return (bound - x) / (bound - pos[0])
slc = slice(thickness)
else:
# back pml
bound = pos[-thickness - 1]
d = pos[-1] - bound
def l_d(x):
return (x - bound) / (pos[-1] - bound)
if thickness == 0:
slc = slice(None)
else:
slc = slice(-thickness, None)
dx_ai[slc] *= 1 + 1j * s_function(l_d(pos_a[slc])) / d / s_correction
dx_bi[slc] *= 1 + 1j * s_function(l_d(pos_b[slc])) / d / s_correction
dxes[0][axis] = dx_ai
dxes[1][axis] = dx_bi
return dxes
def generate_dx(pos: List[numpy.ndarray]) -> dx_lists_t:
"""
Given a list of 3 ndarrays cell centers, creates the cell width parameters.
:param pos: List of 3 ndarrays of cell centers
:return: (dx_a, dx_b) cell widths (no pml)
"""
if len(pos) != 3:
raise Exception('Must have len(pos) == 3')
dx_a = [numpy.array(numpy.inf)] * 3
dx_b = [numpy.array(numpy.inf)] * 3
for i, p_orig in enumerate(pos):
p = numpy.array(p_orig, dtype=float)
if p.size != 1:
p_shifted = numpy.hstack((p[1:], p[-1] + (p[1] - p[0])))
dx_a[i] = numpy.diff(p)
dx_b[i] = numpy.diff((p + p_shifted) / 2)
return dx_a, dx_b

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"""
Sparse matrix operators for use with electromagnetic wave equations.
These functions return sparse-matrix (scipy.sparse.spmatrix) representations of
a variety of operators, intended for use with E and H fields vectorized using the
fdfd_tools.vec() and .unvec() functions (column-major/Fortran ordering).
E- and H-field values are defined on a Yee cell; epsilon values should be calculated for
cells centered at each E component (mu at each H component).
Many of these functions require a 'dxes' parameter, of type fdfd_tools.dx_lists_type,
which contains grid cell width information in the following format:
[[[dx_e_0, dx_e_1, ...], [dy_e_0, ...], [dz_e_0, ...]],
[[dx_h_0, dx_h_1, ...], [dy_h_0, ...], [dz_h_0, ...]]]
where dx_e_0 is the x-width of the x=0 cells, as used when calculating dE/dx,
and dy_h_0 is the y-width of the y=0 cells, as used when calculating dH/dy, etc.
The following operators are included:
- E-only wave operator
- H-only wave operator
- EH wave operator
- Curl for use with E, H fields
- E to H conversion
- M to J conversion
- Poynting cross products
Also available:
- Circular shifts
- Discrete derivatives
- Averaging operators
- Cross product matrices
"""
from typing import List, Tuple
import numpy
import scipy.sparse as sparse
from . import vec, dx_lists_t, vfield_t
__author__ = 'Jan Petykiewicz'
def e_full(omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t,
mu: vfield_t = None
) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Wave operator del x (1/mu * del x) - omega**2 * epsilon, for use with E-field,
with wave equation
(del x (1/mu * del x) - omega**2 * epsilon) E = -i * omega * J
To make this matrix symmetric, use the preconditions from e_full_preconditioners().
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)..
:return: Sparse matrix containing the wave operator
"""
ce = curl_e(dxes)
ch = curl_h(dxes)
e = sparse.diags(epsilon)
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
m_div = sparse.eye(epsilon.size)
else:
m_div = sparse.diags(1 / mu)
op = ch @ m_div @ ce - omega**2 * e
return op
def e_full_preconditioners(dxes: dx_lists_t
) -> Tuple[sparse.spmatrix, sparse.spmatrix]:
"""
Left and right preconditioners (Pl, Pr) for symmetrizing the e_full wave operator.
The preconditioned matrix A_symm = (Pl @ A @ Pr) is complex-symmetric
(non-Hermitian unless there is no loss or PMLs).
The preconditioner matrices are diagonal and complex, with Pr = 1 / Pl
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:return: Preconditioner matrices (Pl, Pr)
"""
p_squared = [dxes[0][0][:, None, None] * dxes[1][1][None, :, None] * dxes[1][2][None, None, :],
dxes[1][0][:, None, None] * dxes[0][1][None, :, None] * dxes[1][2][None, None, :],
dxes[1][0][:, None, None] * dxes[1][1][None, :, None] * dxes[0][2][None, None, :]]
p_vector = numpy.sqrt(vec(p_squared))
P_left = sparse.diags(p_vector)
P_right = sparse.diags(1 / p_vector)
return P_left, P_right
def h_full(omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t,
mu: vfield_t = None
) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Wave operator del x (1/epsilon * del x) - omega**2 * mu, for use with H-field,
with wave equation
(del x (1/epsilon * del x) - omega**2 * mu) H = i * omega * M
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Sparse matrix containing the wave operator
"""
ec = curl_e(dxes)
hc = curl_h(dxes)
e_div = sparse.diags(1 / epsilon)
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
m = sparse.eye(epsilon.size)
else:
m = sparse.diags(mu)
A = ec @ e_div @ hc - omega**2 * m
return A
def eh_full(omega, dxes, epsilon, mu=None):
"""
Wave operator for [E, H] field representation. This operator implements Maxwell's
equations without cancelling out either E or H. The operator is
[[-i * omega * epsilon, del x],
[del x, i * omega * mu]]
for use with a field vector of the form hstack(vec(E), vec(H)).
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Sparse matrix containing the wave operator
"""
A2 = curl_e(dxes)
A1 = curl_h(dxes)
iwe = 1j * omega * sparse.diags(epsilon)
iwm = 1j * omega
if not numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
iwm *= sparse.diags(mu)
A = sparse.bmat([[-iwe, A1],
[A2, +iwm]])
return A
def curl_h(dxes: dx_lists_t) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Curl operator for use with the H field.
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:return: Sparse matrix for taking the discretized curl of the H-field
"""
return cross(deriv_back(dxes[1]))
def curl_e(dxes: dx_lists_t) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Curl operator for use with the E field.
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:return: Sparse matrix for taking the discretized curl of the E-field
"""
return cross(deriv_forward(dxes[0]))
def e2h(omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
mu: vfield_t = None,
) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Utility operator for converting the E field into the H field.
For use with e_full -- assumes that there is no magnetic current M.
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Sparse matrix for converting E to H
"""
op = curl_e(dxes) / (-1j * omega)
if not numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
op = sparse.diags(1 / mu) @ op
return op
def m2j(omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
mu: vfield_t = None):
"""
Utility operator for converting M field into J.
Converts a magnetic current M into an electric current J.
For use with eg. e_full.
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Sparse matrix for converting E to H
"""
op = curl_h(dxes) / (1j * omega)
if not numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
op = op @ sparse.diags(1 / mu)
return op
def rotation(axis: int, shape: List[int]) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Utility operator for performing a circular shift along a specified axis by 1 element.
:param axis: Axis to shift along. x=0, y=1, z=2
:param shape: Shape of the grid being shifted
:return: Sparse matrix for performing the circular shift
"""
if len(shape) not in (2, 3):
raise Exception('Invalid shape: {}'.format(shape))
if axis not in range(len(shape)):
raise Exception('Invalid direction: {}, shape is {}'.format(axis, shape))
n = numpy.prod(shape)
shifts = [1 if k == axis else 0 for k in range(3)]
shifted_diags = [(numpy.arange(n) + s) % n for n, s in zip(shape, shifts)]
ijk = numpy.meshgrid(*shifted_diags, indexing='ij')
i_ind = numpy.arange(n)
j_ind = ijk[0] + ijk[1] * shape[0]
if len(shape) == 3:
j_ind += ijk[2] * shape[0] * shape[1]
vij = (numpy.ones(n), (i_ind, j_ind.flatten(order='F')))
D = sparse.csr_matrix(vij, shape=(n, n))
return D
def deriv_forward(dx_e: List[numpy.ndarray]) -> List[sparse.spmatrix]:
"""
Utility operators for taking discretized derivatives (forward variant).
:param dx_e: Lists of cell sizes for all axes [[dx_0, dx_1, ...], ...].
:return: List of operators for taking forward derivatives along each axis.
"""
shape = [s.size for s in dx_e]
n = numpy.prod(shape)
dx_e_expanded = numpy.meshgrid(*dx_e, indexing='ij')
def deriv(axis):
return rotation(axis, shape) - sparse.eye(n)
Ds = [sparse.diags(+1 / dx.flatten(order='F')) @ deriv(a)
for a, dx in enumerate(dx_e_expanded)]
return Ds
def deriv_back(dx_h: List[numpy.ndarray]) -> List[sparse.spmatrix]:
"""
Utility operators for taking discretized derivatives (backward variant).
:param dx_h: Lists of cell sizes for all axes [[dx_0, dx_1, ...], ...].
:return: List of operators for taking forward derivatives along each axis.
"""
shape = [s.size for s in dx_h]
n = numpy.prod(shape)
dx_h_expanded = numpy.meshgrid(*dx_h, indexing='ij')
def deriv(axis):
return rotation(axis, shape) - sparse.eye(n)
Ds = [sparse.diags(-1 / dx.flatten(order='F')) @ deriv(a).T
for a, dx in enumerate(dx_h_expanded)]
return Ds
def cross(B: List[sparse.spmatrix]) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Cross product operator
:param B: List [Bx, By, Bz] of sparse matrices corresponding to the x, y, z
portions of the operator on the left side of the cross product.
:return: Sparse matrix corresponding to (B x), where x is the cross product
"""
n = B[0].shape[0]
zero = sparse.csr_matrix((n, n))
return sparse.bmat([[zero, -B[2], B[1]],
[B[2], zero, -B[0]],
[-B[1], B[0], zero]])
def vec_cross(b: vfield_t) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Vector cross product operator
:param b: Vector on the left side of the cross product
:return: Sparse matrix corresponding to (b x), where x is the cross product
"""
B = [sparse.diags(c) for c in numpy.split(b, 3)]
return cross(B)
def avgf(axis: int, shape: List[int]) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Forward average operator (x4 = (x4 + x5) / 2)
:param axis: Axis to average along (x=0, y=1, z=2)
:param shape: Shape of the grid to average
:return: Sparse matrix for forward average operation
"""
if len(shape) not in (2, 3):
raise Exception('Invalid shape: {}'.format(shape))
n = numpy.prod(shape)
return 0.5 * (sparse.eye(n) + rotation(axis, shape))
def avgb(axis: int, shape: List[int]) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Backward average operator (x4 = (x4 + x3) / 2)
:param axis: Axis to average along (x=0, y=1, z=2)
:param shape: Shape of the grid to average
:return: Sparse matrix for backward average operation
"""
return avgf(axis, shape).T
def poynting_e_cross(e: vfield_t, dxes: dx_lists_t) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Operator for computing the Poynting vector, contining the (E x) portion of the Poynting vector.
:param e: Vectorized E-field for the ExH cross product
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:return: Sparse matrix containing (E x) portion of Poynting cross product
"""
shape = [len(dx) for dx in dxes[0]]
fx, fy, fz = [avgf(i, shape) for i in range(3)]
bx, by, bz = [avgb(i, shape) for i in range(3)]
dxag = [dx.flatten(order='F') for dx in numpy.meshgrid(*dxes[0], indexing='ij')]
dbgx, dbgy, dbgz = [sparse.diags(dx.flatten(order='F'))
for dx in numpy.meshgrid(*dxes[1], indexing='ij')]
Ex, Ey, Ez = [sparse.diags(ei * da) for ei, da in zip(numpy.split(e, 3), dxag)]
n = numpy.prod(shape)
zero = sparse.csr_matrix((n, n))
P = sparse.bmat(
[[ zero, -fx @ Ez @ bz @ dbgy, fx @ Ey @ by @ dbgz],
[ fy @ Ez @ bz @ dbgx, zero, -fy @ Ex @ bx @ dbgz],
[-fz @ Ey @ by @ dbgx, fz @ Ex @ bx @ dbgy, zero]])
return P
def poynting_h_cross(h: vfield_t, dxes: dx_lists_t) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Operator for computing the Poynting vector, containing the (H x) portion of the Poynting vector.
:param h: Vectorized H-field for the HxE cross product
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:return: Sparse matrix containing (H x) portion of Poynting cross product
"""
shape = [len(dx) for dx in dxes[0]]
fx, fy, fz = [avgf(i, shape) for i in range(3)]
bx, by, bz = [avgb(i, shape) for i in range(3)]
dxbg = [dx.flatten(order='F') for dx in numpy.meshgrid(*dxes[1], indexing='ij')]
dagx, dagy, dagz = [sparse.diags(dx.flatten(order='F'))
for dx in numpy.meshgrid(*dxes[0], indexing='ij')]
Hx, Hy, Hz = [sparse.diags(hi * db) for hi, db in zip(numpy.split(h, 3), dxbg)]
n = numpy.prod(shape)
zero = sparse.csr_matrix((n, n))
P = sparse.bmat(
[[ zero, -by @ Hz @ fx @ dagy, bz @ Hy @ fx @ dagz],
[ bx @ Hz @ fy @ dagx, zero, -bz @ Hx @ fy @ dagz],
[-bx @ Hy @ fz @ dagx, by @ Hx @ fz @ dagy, zero]])
return P

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"""
Functions for moving between a vector field (list of 3 ndarrays, [f_x, f_y, f_z])
and a 1D array representation of that field [f_x0, f_x1, f_x2,... f_y0,... f_z0,...].
Vectorized versions of the field use column-major (ie., Fortran, Matlab) ordering.
"""
from typing import List
import numpy
__author__ = 'Jan Petykiewicz'
# Types
field_t = List[numpy.ndarray] # vector field (eg. [E_x, E_y, E_z]
vfield_t = numpy.ndarray # linearized vector field
def vec(f: field_t) -> vfield_t:
"""
Create a 1D ndarray from a 3D vector field which spans a 1-3D region.
Returns None if called with f=None.
:param f: A vector field, [f_x, f_y, f_z] where each f_ component is a 1 to
3D ndarray (f_* should all be the same size). Doesn't fail with f=None.
:return: A 1D ndarray containing the linearized field (or None)
"""
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(f, None)):
return None
return numpy.hstack(tuple((fi.flatten(order='F') for fi in f)))
def unvec(v: vfield_t, shape: numpy.ndarray) -> field_t:
"""
Perform the inverse of vec(): take a 1D ndarray and output a 3D field
of form [f_x, f_y, f_z] where each of f_* is a len(shape)-dimensional
ndarray.
Returns None if called with v=None.
:param v: 1D ndarray representing a 3D vector field of shape shape (or None)
:param shape: shape of the vector field
:return: [f_x, f_y, f_z] where each f_ is a len(shape) dimensional ndarray
(or None)
"""
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(v, None)):
return None
return [vi.reshape(shape, order='F') for vi in numpy.split(v, 3)]

309
fdfd_tools/waveguide.py Normal file
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"""
Various operators and helper functions for solving for waveguide modes.
Assuming a z-dependence of the from exp(-i * wavenumber * z), we can simplify Maxwell's
equations in the absence of sources to the form
A @ [H_x, H_y] = wavenumber**2 * [H_x, H_y]
with A =
omega**2 * epsilon * mu +
epsilon * [[-Dy], [Dx]] / epsilon * [-Dy, Dx] +
[[Dx], [Dy]] / mu * [Dx, Dy] * mu
which is the form used in this file.
As the z-dependence is known, all the functions in this file assume a 2D grid
(ie. dxes = [[[dx_e_0, dx_e_1, ...], [dy_e_0, ...]], [[dx_h_0, ...], [dy_h_0, ...]]])
with propagation along the z axis.
"""
from typing import List, Tuple
import numpy
from numpy.linalg import norm
import scipy.sparse as sparse
from . import unvec, dx_lists_t, field_t, vfield_t
from . import operators
__author__ = 'Jan Petykiewicz'
def operator(omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t,
mu: vfield_t = None,
) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Waveguide operator of the form
omega**2 * epsilon * mu +
epsilon * [[-Dy], [Dx]] / epsilon * [-Dy, Dx] +
[[Dx], [Dy]] / mu * [Dx, Dy] * mu
for use with a field vector of the form [H_x, H_y].
This operator can be used to form an eigenvalue problem of the form
A @ [H_x, H_y] = wavenumber**2 * [H_x, H_y]
which can then be solved for the eigenmodes of the system (an exp(-i * wavenumber * z)
z-dependence is assumed for the fields).
:param omega: The angular frequency of the system
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant grid
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability grid (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Sparse matrix representation of the operator
"""
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
mu = numpy.ones_like(epsilon)
Dfx, Dfy = operators.deriv_forward(dxes[0])
Dbx, Dby = operators.deriv_back(dxes[1])
eps_parts = numpy.split(epsilon, 3)
eps_yx = sparse.diags(numpy.hstack((eps_parts[1], eps_parts[0])))
eps_z_inv = sparse.diags(1 / eps_parts[2])
mu_parts = numpy.split(mu, 3)
mu_xy = sparse.diags(numpy.hstack((mu_parts[0], mu_parts[1])))
mu_z_inv = sparse.diags(1 / mu_parts[2])
op = omega ** 2 * eps_yx @ mu_xy + \
eps_yx @ sparse.vstack((-Dfy, Dfx)) @ eps_z_inv @ sparse.hstack((-Dby, Dbx)) + \
sparse.vstack((Dbx, Dby)) @ mu_z_inv @ sparse.hstack((Dfx, Dfy)) @ mu_xy
return op
def normalized_fields(v: numpy.ndarray,
wavenumber: complex,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t,
mu: vfield_t = None
) -> Tuple[vfield_t, vfield_t]:
"""
Given a vector v containing the vectorized H_x and H_y fields,
returns normalized, vectorized E and H fields for the system.
:param v: Vector containing H_x and H_y fields
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param omega: The angular frequency of the system
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant grid
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability grid (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Normalized, vectorized (e, h) containing all vector components.
"""
e = v2e(v, wavenumber, omega, dxes, epsilon, mu=mu)
h = v2h(v, wavenumber, dxes, mu=mu)
shape = [s.size for s in dxes[0]]
dxes_real = [[numpy.real(d) for d in numpy.meshgrid(*dxes[v], indexing='ij')] for v in (0, 1)]
E = unvec(e, shape)
H = unvec(h, shape)
S1 = E[0] * numpy.roll(numpy.conj(H[1]), 1, axis=0) * dxes_real[0][1] * dxes_real[1][0]
S2 = E[1] * numpy.roll(numpy.conj(H[0]), 1, axis=1) * dxes_real[0][0] * dxes_real[1][1]
S = 0.25 * ((S1 + numpy.roll(S1, 1, axis=0)) -
(S2 + numpy.roll(S2, 1, axis=1)))
P = 0.5 * numpy.real(S.sum())
assert P > 0, 'Found a mode propagating in the wrong direction! P={}'.format(P)
norm_amplitude = 1 / numpy.sqrt(P)
norm_angle = -numpy.angle(e[e.size//2])
norm_factor = norm_amplitude * numpy.exp(1j * norm_angle)
e *= norm_factor
h *= norm_factor
return e, h
def v2h(v: numpy.ndarray,
wavenumber: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
mu: vfield_t = None
) -> vfield_t:
"""
Given a vector v containing the vectorized H_x and H_y fields,
returns a vectorized H including all three H components.
:param v: Vector containing H_x and H_y fields
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability grid (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Vectorized H field with all vector components
"""
Dfx, Dfy = operators.deriv_forward(dxes[0])
op = sparse.hstack((Dfx, Dfy))
if not numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
mu_parts = numpy.split(mu, 3)
mu_xy = sparse.diags(numpy.hstack((mu_parts[0], mu_parts[1])))
mu_z_inv = sparse.diags(1 / mu_parts[2])
op = mu_z_inv @ op @ mu_xy
w = op @ v / (1j * wavenumber)
return numpy.hstack((v, w)).flatten()
def v2e(v: numpy.ndarray,
wavenumber: complex,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t,
mu: vfield_t = None
) -> vfield_t:
"""
Given a vector v containing the vectorized H_x and H_y fields,
returns a vectorized E containing all three E components
:param v: Vector containing H_x and H_y fields
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param omega: The angular frequency of the system
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant grid
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability grid (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Vectorized E field with all vector components.
"""
h2eop = h2e(wavenumber, omega, dxes, epsilon)
return h2eop @ v2h(v, wavenumber, dxes, mu)
def e2h(wavenumber: complex,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
mu: vfield_t = None
) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Returns an operator which, when applied to a vectorized E eigenfield, produces
the vectorized H eigenfield.
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param omega: The angular frequency of the system
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability grid (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Sparse matrix representation of the operator
"""
op = curl_e(wavenumber, dxes) / (-1j * omega)
if not numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
op = sparse.diags(1 / mu) @ op
return op
def h2e(wavenumber: complex,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t
) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Returns an operator which, when applied to a vectorized H eigenfield, produces
the vectorized E eigenfield.
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param omega: The angular frequency of the system
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant grid
:return: Sparse matrix representation of the operator
"""
op = sparse.diags(1 / (1j * omega * epsilon)) @ curl_h(wavenumber, dxes)
return op
def curl_e(wavenumber: complex, dxes: dx_lists_t) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Discretized curl operator for use with the waveguide E field.
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:return: Sparse matrix representation of the operator
"""
n = 1
for d in dxes[0]:
n *= len(d)
Bz = -1j * wavenumber * sparse.eye(n)
Dfx, Dfy = operators.deriv_forward(dxes[0])
return operators.cross([Dfx, Dfy, Bz])
def curl_h(wavenumber: complex, dxes: dx_lists_t) -> sparse.spmatrix:
"""
Discretized curl operator for use with the waveguide H field.
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:return: Sparse matrix representation of the operator
"""
n = 1
for d in dxes[1]:
n *= len(d)
Bz = -1j * wavenumber * sparse.eye(n)
Dbx, Dby = operators.deriv_back(dxes[1])
return operators.cross([Dbx, Dby, Bz])
def h_err(h: vfield_t,
wavenumber: complex,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t,
mu: vfield_t = None
) -> float:
"""
Calculates the relative error in the H field
:param h: Vectorized H field
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param omega: The angular frequency of the system
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant grid
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability grid (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Relative error norm(OP @ h) / norm(h)
"""
ce = curl_e(wavenumber, dxes)
ch = curl_h(wavenumber, dxes)
eps_inv = sparse.diags(1 / epsilon)
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
op = ce @ eps_inv @ ch @ h - omega ** 2 * h
else:
op = ce @ eps_inv @ ch @ h - omega ** 2 * (mu * h)
return norm(op) / norm(h)
def e_err(e: vfield_t,
wavenumber: complex,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t,
mu: vfield_t = None
) -> float:
"""
Calculates the relative error in the E field
:param e: Vectorized E field
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber satisfying A @ v == wavenumber**2 * v
:param omega: The angular frequency of the system
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header (2D)
:param epsilon: Vectorized dielectric constant grid
:param mu: Vectorized magnetic permeability grid (default 1 everywhere)
:return: Relative error norm(OP @ e) / norm(e)
"""
ce = curl_e(wavenumber, dxes)
ch = curl_h(wavenumber, dxes)
if numpy.any(numpy.equal(mu, None)):
op = ch @ ce @ e - omega ** 2 * (epsilon * e)
else:
mu_inv = sparse.diags(1 / mu)
op = ch @ mu_inv @ ce @ e - omega ** 2 * (epsilon * e)
return norm(op) / norm(e)

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from typing import Dict, List
import numpy
import scipy.sparse as sparse
import scipy.sparse.linalg as spalg
from . import vec, unvec, dx_lists_t, vfield_t, field_t
from . import operators, waveguide, functional
def solve_waveguide_mode_2d(mode_number: int,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
epsilon: vfield_t,
mu: vfield_t = None,
wavenumber_correction: bool = True
) -> Dict[str, complex or field_t]:
"""
Given a 2d region, attempts to solve for the eigenmode with the specified mode number.
:param mode_number: Number of the mode, 0-indexed
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param epsilon: Dielectric constant
:param mu: Magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:param wavenumber_correction: Whether to correct the wavenumber to
account for numerical dispersion (default True)
:return: {'E': List[numpy.ndarray], 'H': List[numpy.ndarray], 'wavenumber': complex}
"""
'''
Solve for the largest-magnitude eigenvalue of the real operator
by using power iteration.
'''
dxes_real = [[numpy.real(dx) for dx in dxi] for dxi in dxes]
A_r = waveguide.operator(numpy.real(omega), dxes_real, numpy.real(epsilon), numpy.real(mu))
# Use power iteration for 20 steps to estimate the dominant eigenvector
v = numpy.random.rand(A_r.shape[0])
for _ in range(20):
v = A_r @ v
v /= numpy.linalg.norm(v)
lm_eigval = v @ A_r @ v
'''
Shift by the absolute value of the largest eigenvalue, then find a few of the
largest (shifted) eigenvalues. The shift ensures that we find the largest
_positive_ eigenvalues, since any negative eigenvalues will be shifted to the range
0 >= neg_eigval + abs(lm_eigval) > abs(lm_eigval)
'''
shifted_A_r = A_r + abs(lm_eigval) * sparse.eye(A_r.shape[0])
eigvals, eigvecs = spalg.eigs(shifted_A_r, which='LM', k=mode_number + 3, ncv=50)
# Pick the eigenvalue we want from the few we found
k = eigvals.argsort()[-(mode_number+1)]
v = eigvecs[:, k]
'''
Now solve for the eigenvector of the full operator, using the real operator's
eigenvector as an initial guess for Rayleigh quotient iteration.
'''
A = waveguide.operator(omega, dxes, epsilon, mu)
eigval = None
for _ in range(40):
eigval = v @ A @ v
if numpy.linalg.norm(A @ v - eigval * v) < 1e-13:
break
w = spalg.spsolve(A - eigval * sparse.eye(A.shape[0]), v)
v = w / numpy.linalg.norm(w)
# Calculate the wave-vector (force the real part to be positive)
wavenumber = numpy.sqrt(eigval)
wavenumber *= numpy.sign(numpy.real(wavenumber))
e, h = waveguide.normalized_fields(v, wavenumber, omega, dxes, epsilon, mu)
'''
Perform correction on wavenumber to account for numerical dispersion.
See Numerical Dispersion in Taflove's FDTD book.
This correction term reduces the error in emitted power, but additional
error is introduced into the E_err and H_err terms. This effect becomes
more pronounced as beta increases.
'''
if wavenumber_correction:
wavenumber -= 2 * numpy.sin(numpy.real(wavenumber / 2)) - numpy.real(wavenumber)
shape = [d.size for d in dxes[0]]
fields = {
'wavenumber': wavenumber,
'E': unvec(e, shape),
'H': unvec(h, shape),
}
return fields
def solve_waveguide_mode(mode_number: int,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
axis: int,
polarity: int,
slices: List[slice],
epsilon: field_t,
mu: field_t = None,
wavenumber_correction: bool = True
) -> Dict[str, complex or numpy.ndarray]:
"""
Given a 3D grid, selects a slice from the grid and attempts to
solve for an eigenmode propagating through that slice.
:param mode_number: Number of the mode, 0-indexed
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param axis: Propagation axis (0=x, 1=y, 2=z)
:param polarity: Propagation direction (+1 for +ve, -1 for -ve)
:param slices: epsilon[tuple(slices)] is used to select the portion of the grid to use
as the waveguide cross-section. slices[axis] should select only one
:param epsilon: Dielectric constant
:param mu: Magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:param wavenumber_correction: Whether to correct the wavenumber to
account for numerical dispersion (default True)
:return: {'E': List[numpy.ndarray], 'H': List[numpy.ndarray], 'wavenumber': complex}
"""
if mu is None:
mu = [numpy.ones_like(epsilon[0])] * 3
'''
Solve the 2D problem in the specified plane
'''
# Define rotation to set z as propagation direction
order = numpy.roll(range(3), 2 - axis)
reverse_order = numpy.roll(range(3), axis - 2)
# Reduce to 2D and solve the 2D problem
args_2d = {
'dxes': [[dx[i][slices[i]] for i in order[:2]] for dx in dxes],
'epsilon': vec([epsilon[i][slices].transpose(order) for i in order]),
'mu': vec([mu[i][slices].transpose(order) for i in order]),
'wavenumber_correction': wavenumber_correction,
}
fields_2d = solve_waveguide_mode_2d(mode_number, omega=omega, **args_2d)
'''
Apply corrections and expand to 3D
'''
# Scale based on dx in propagation direction
dxab_forward = numpy.array([dx[order[2]][slices[order[2]]] for dx in dxes])
# Adjust for propagation direction
fields_2d['E'][2] *= polarity
fields_2d['H'][2] *= polarity
# Apply phase shift to H-field
d_prop = 0.5 * sum(dxab_forward)
for a in range(3):
fields_2d['H'][a] *= numpy.exp(-polarity * 1j * 0.5 * fields_2d['wavenumber'] * d_prop)
# Expand E, H to full epsilon space we were given
E = [None]*3
H = [None]*3
for a, o in enumerate(reverse_order):
E[a] = numpy.zeros_like(epsilon[0], dtype=complex)
H[a] = numpy.zeros_like(epsilon[0], dtype=complex)
E[a][slices] = fields_2d['E'][o][:, :, None].transpose(reverse_order)
H[a][slices] = fields_2d['H'][o][:, :, None].transpose(reverse_order)
results = {
'wavenumber': fields_2d['wavenumber'],
'H': H,
'E': E,
}
return results
def compute_source(E: field_t,
H: field_t,
wavenumber: complex,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
axis: int,
polarity: int,
slices: List[slice],
mu: field_t = None,
) -> field_t:
"""
Given an eigenmode obtained by solve_waveguide_mode, returns the current source distribution
necessary to position a unidirectional source at the slice location.
:param E: E-field of the mode
:param H: H-field of the mode (advanced by half of a Yee cell from E)
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber of the mode
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param axis: Propagation axis (0=x, 1=y, 2=z)
:param polarity: Propagation direction (+1 for +ve, -1 for -ve)
:param slices: epsilon[tuple(slices)] is used to select the portion of the grid to use
as the waveguide cross-section. slices[axis] should select only one
:param mu: Magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: J distribution for the unidirectional source
"""
if mu is None:
mu = [1] * 3
J = [None]*3
M = [None]*3
src_order = numpy.roll(range(3), axis)
exp_iphi = numpy.exp(1j * polarity * wavenumber * dxes[1][axis][slices[axis]])
J[src_order[0]] = numpy.zeros_like(E[0])
J[src_order[1]] = +exp_iphi * H[src_order[2]] * polarity
J[src_order[2]] = -exp_iphi * H[src_order[1]] * polarity
M[src_order[0]] = numpy.zeros_like(E[0])
M[src_order[1]] = +numpy.roll(E[src_order[2]], -1, axis=axis)
M[src_order[2]] = -numpy.roll(E[src_order[1]], -1, axis=axis)
A1f = functional.curl_h(dxes)
Jm_iw = A1f([M[k] / mu[k] for k in range(3)])
for k in range(3):
J[k] += Jm_iw[k] / (-1j * omega)
return J
def compute_overlap_e(E: field_t,
H: field_t,
wavenumber: complex,
omega: complex,
dxes: dx_lists_t,
axis: int,
polarity: int,
slices: List[slice],
mu: field_t = None,
) -> field_t:
"""
Given an eigenmode obtained by solve_waveguide_mode, calculates overlap_e for the
mode orthogonality relation Integrate(((E x H_mode) + (E_mode x H)) dot dn)
[assumes reflection symmetry].
overlap_e makes use of the e2h operator to collapse the above expression into
(vec(E) @ vec(overlap_e)), allowing for simple calculation of the mode overlap.
:param E: E-field of the mode
:param H: H-field of the mode (advanced by half of a Yee cell from E)
:param wavenumber: Wavenumber of the mode
:param omega: Angular frequency of the simulation
:param dxes: Grid parameters [dx_e, dx_h] as described in fdfd_tools.operators header
:param axis: Propagation axis (0=x, 1=y, 2=z)
:param polarity: Propagation direction (+1 for +ve, -1 for -ve)
:param slices: epsilon[tuple(slices)] is used to select the portion of the grid to use
as the waveguide cross-section. slices[axis] should select only one
:param mu: Magnetic permeability (default 1 everywhere)
:return: overlap_e for calculating the mode overlap
"""
cross_plane = [slice(None)] * 3
cross_plane[axis] = slices[axis]
# Determine phase factors for parallel slices
a_shape = numpy.roll([-1, 1, 1], axis)
a_E = numpy.real(dxes[0][axis]).cumsum()
a_H = numpy.real(dxes[1][axis]).cumsum()
iphi = -polarity * 1j * wavenumber
phase_E = numpy.exp(iphi * (a_E - a_E[slices[axis]])).reshape(a_shape)
phase_H = numpy.exp(iphi * (a_H - a_H[slices[axis]])).reshape(a_shape)
# Expand our slice to the entire grid using the calculated phase factors
Ee = [None]*3
He = [None]*3
for k in range(3):
Ee[k] = phase_E * E[k][tuple(cross_plane)]
He[k] = phase_H * H[k][tuple(cross_plane)]
# Write out the operator product for the mode orthogonality integral
domain = numpy.zeros_like(E[0], dtype=int)
domain[slices] = 1
npts = E[0].size
dn = numpy.zeros(npts * 3, dtype=int)
dn[0:npts] = 1
dn = numpy.roll(dn, npts * axis)
e2h = operators.e2h(omega, dxes, mu)
ds = sparse.diags(vec([domain]*3))
h_cross_ = operators.poynting_h_cross(vec(He), dxes)
e_cross_ = operators.poynting_e_cross(vec(Ee), dxes)
overlap_e = dn @ ds @ (-h_cross_ + e_cross_ @ e2h)
# Normalize
dx_forward = dxes[0][axis][slices[axis]]
norm_factor = numpy.abs(overlap_e @ vec(Ee))
overlap_e /= norm_factor * dx_forward
return unvec(overlap_e, E[0].shape)

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../float_raster/float_raster.py

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../gridlock/gridlock/

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#!/usr/bin/env python
from setuptools import setup, find_packages
setup(name='fdfd_tools',
version='0.1',
description='FDFD Electromagnetic simulation tools',
author='Jan Petykiewicz',
author_email='anewusername@gmail.com',
url='https://mpxd.net/gogs/jan/fdfd_tools',
packages=find_packages(),
install_requires=[
'numpy',
'scipy',
],
extras_require={
},
)