From 1a2c6ab524c87ae93ebe665c93c1bde635d1703d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 19:40:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/9] [EME] add more docs and tests

---
 meanas/fdfd/eme.py               |  98 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py | 104 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/eme.py b/meanas/fdfd/eme.py
index 5165ef1..366de8e 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/eme.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/eme.py
@@ -1,3 +1,24 @@
+"""
+Low-level mode-matching helpers for waveguide / EME workflows.
+
+These helpers operate on already-solved and already-normalized port fields.
+They do not build geometries or solve modes themselves; downstream users are
+expected to supply compatible `(E, H)` modal field pairs from
+`waveguide_2d`, `waveguide_3d`, or `waveguide_cyl`.
+
+The returned matrices follow the usual port ordering:
+
+- `get_tr(...)` returns `(T, R)` for left-incident modes.
+- `get_abcd(...)` returns the 2-port block transfer matrix built from the two
+  directional `T/R` solves.
+- `get_s(...)` returns the full block scattering matrix
+  `[[R12, T12], [T21, R21]]`.
+
+This module is intentionally a thin library layer rather than an integrated
+simulation suite. It provides the overlap algebra that downstream users can
+compose into larger workflows.
+"""
+
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 import numpy
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
@@ -7,6 +28,37 @@ from ..fdmath import dx_lists2_t, vcfdfield2
 from .waveguide_2d import inner_product
 
 
+def _validate_port_modes(
+        name: str,
+        ehs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
+        wavenumbers: Sequence[complex],
+        ) -> tuple[tuple[int, ...], tuple[int, ...]]:
+    if len(ehs) != len(wavenumbers):
+        raise ValueError(f'{name} mode list and wavenumber list must have the same length')
+    if not ehs:
+        raise ValueError(f'{name} must contain at least one mode')
+
+    e_shape: tuple[int, ...] | None = None
+    h_shape: tuple[int, ...] | None = None
+    for index, mode in enumerate(ehs):
+        if len(mode) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(f'{name}[{index}] must be a 2-tuple of (E, H) modal fields')
+        e_field, h_field = mode
+        mode_e_shape = numpy.shape(e_field)
+        mode_h_shape = numpy.shape(h_field)
+        if mode_e_shape != mode_h_shape:
+            raise ValueError(f'{name}[{index}] has mismatched E/H field shapes')
+        if e_shape is None:
+            e_shape = mode_e_shape
+            h_shape = mode_h_shape
+        elif mode_e_shape != e_shape or mode_h_shape != h_shape:
+            raise ValueError(f'{name} modal fields must all share the same shape')
+
+    assert e_shape is not None
+    assert h_shape is not None
+    return e_shape, h_shape
+
+
 def get_tr(
         ehLs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
         wavenumbers_L: Sequence[complex],
@@ -14,6 +66,29 @@ def get_tr(
         wavenumbers_R: Sequence[complex],
         dxes: dx_lists2_t,
         ) -> tuple[NDArray[numpy.complex128], NDArray[numpy.complex128]]:
+    """
+    Compute left-incident transmission and reflection matrices.
+
+    Args:
+        ehLs: Left-port modes as `(E, H)` field pairs.
+        wavenumbers_L: Propagation constants for `ehLs`.
+        ehRs: Right-port modes as `(E, H)` field pairs.
+        wavenumbers_R: Propagation constants for `ehRs`.
+        dxes: Two-dimensional Yee-cell edge lengths for the shared port plane.
+
+    Returns:
+        `(T12, R12)` where columns index left-incident modes and rows index
+        outgoing right-going / left-going modes respectively.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the port mode lists are empty, malformed, or defined on
+            incompatible field shapes.
+    """
+    left_e_shape, left_h_shape = _validate_port_modes('ehLs', ehLs, wavenumbers_L)
+    right_e_shape, right_h_shape = _validate_port_modes('ehRs', ehRs, wavenumbers_R)
+    if left_e_shape != right_e_shape or left_h_shape != right_h_shape:
+        raise ValueError('left and right modal fields must share the same E/H shapes')
+
     nL = len(wavenumbers_L)
     nR = len(wavenumbers_R)
     A12 = numpy.zeros((nL, nR), dtype=complex)
@@ -48,6 +123,16 @@ def get_abcd(
         wavenumbers_R: Sequence[complex],
         **kwargs,
         ) -> sparse.sparray:
+    """
+    Build the 2-port block transfer matrix for an interface.
+
+    The blocks are assembled from the forward and reverse `get_tr(...)`
+    solutions using the standard
+
+    `[[A, B], [C, D]] = [[T12 - R21 T21^-1 R12, R21 T21^-1], [-T21^-1 R12, T21^-1]]`
+
+    convention.
+    """
     t12, r12 = get_tr(ehLs, wavenumbers_L, ehRs, wavenumbers_R, **kwargs)
     t21, r21 = get_tr(ehRs, wavenumbers_R, ehLs, wavenumbers_L, **kwargs)
     t21i = numpy.linalg.pinv(t21)
@@ -73,6 +158,19 @@ def get_s(
         force_reciprocal: bool = False,
         **kwargs,
         ) -> NDArray[numpy.complex128]:
+    """
+    Build the full block scattering matrix for a two-sided interface.
+
+    The returned matrix is ordered as `[[R12, T12], [T21, R21]]`, where the
+    first block-row/column corresponds to the left port and the second to the
+    right port.
+
+    Args:
+        force_nogain: If `True`, clamp singular values of the assembled
+            scattering matrix to at most one.
+        force_reciprocal: If `True`, symmetrize the assembled matrix as
+            `0.5 * (S + S.T)`.
+    """
     t12, r12 = get_tr(ehLs, wavenumbers_L, ehRs, wavenumbers_R, **kwargs)
     t21, r21 = get_tr(ehRs, wavenumbers_R, ehLs, wavenumbers_L, **kwargs)
 
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py b/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
index 8798e0d..7486128 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import numpy
+import pytest
 from scipy import sparse
 
 from ..fdmath import vec
-from ..fdfd import eme
+from ..fdfd import eme, waveguide_2d, waveguide_cyl
 from ._test_builders import complex_ramp, unit_dxes
 from .utils import assert_close
 
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ SHAPE = (3, 2, 2)
 DXES = unit_dxes((2, 2))
 WAVENUMBERS_L = numpy.array([1.0, 0.8])
 WAVENUMBERS_R = numpy.array([0.9, 0.7])
+OMEGA = 1 / 1500
+REAL_DXES = unit_dxes((5, 5))
 
 
 def _mode(scale: float) -> tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray]:
@@ -130,3 +133,102 @@ def test_get_s_force_nogain_and_reciprocal_returns_finite_output(monkeypatch) ->
     assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
     assert_close(ss, ss.T)
     assert (numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False) <= 1.0 + 1e-12).all()
+
+
+def test_get_tr_rejects_length_mismatches() -> None:
+    left_modes, right_modes = _mode_sets()
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='same length'):
+        eme.get_tr(left_modes[:1], WAVENUMBERS_L, right_modes, WAVENUMBERS_R, dxes=DXES)
+
+
+def test_get_tr_rejects_malformed_mode_tuples() -> None:
+    bad_modes = [(numpy.ones(4),)]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='2-tuple'):
+        eme.get_tr(bad_modes, [1.0], bad_modes, [1.0], dxes=DXES)
+
+
+def test_get_tr_rejects_incompatible_field_shapes() -> None:
+    left_modes = [(numpy.ones(4), numpy.ones(4))]
+    right_modes = [(numpy.ones(6), numpy.ones(6))]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='same E/H shapes'):
+        eme.get_tr(left_modes, [1.0], right_modes, [1.0], dxes=DXES)
+
+
+def _build_real_epsilon() -> numpy.ndarray:
+    epsilon = numpy.ones((3, 5, 5), dtype=float)
+    epsilon[:, 2, 1] = 2.0
+    return vec(epsilon)
+
+
+def _build_straight_mode() -> tuple[tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray], complex, numpy.ndarray]:
+    epsilon = _build_real_epsilon()
+    e_xy, wavenumber = waveguide_2d.solve_mode(
+        0,
+        omega=OMEGA,
+        dxes=REAL_DXES,
+        epsilon=epsilon,
+    )
+    e_field, h_field = waveguide_2d.normalized_fields_e(
+        e_xy,
+        wavenumber=wavenumber,
+        omega=OMEGA,
+        dxes=REAL_DXES,
+        epsilon=epsilon,
+    )
+    return (e_field, h_field), wavenumber, epsilon
+
+
+def _build_bend_mode() -> tuple[tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray], complex]:
+    epsilon = vec(numpy.ones((3, 5, 5), dtype=float))
+    rmin = 10.0
+    e_xy, angular_wavenumber = waveguide_cyl.solve_mode(
+        0,
+        omega=OMEGA,
+        dxes=REAL_DXES,
+        epsilon=epsilon,
+        rmin=rmin,
+    )
+    linear_wavenumber = waveguide_cyl.linear_wavenumbers(
+        [e_xy],
+        [angular_wavenumber],
+        epsilon=epsilon,
+        dxes=REAL_DXES,
+        rmin=rmin,
+    )[0]
+    e_field, h_field = waveguide_cyl.normalized_fields_e(
+        e_xy,
+        angular_wavenumber=angular_wavenumber,
+        omega=OMEGA,
+        dxes=REAL_DXES,
+        epsilon=epsilon,
+        rmin=rmin,
+    )
+    return (e_field, h_field), linear_wavenumber
+
+
+def test_get_s_is_near_identity_for_identical_solved_straight_modes() -> None:
+    mode, wavenumber, _epsilon = _build_straight_mode()
+
+    ss = eme.get_s([mode], [wavenumber], [mode], [wavenumber], dxes=REAL_DXES)
+
+    assert ss.shape == (2, 2)
+    assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
+    assert abs(ss[0, 0]) < 1e-6
+    assert abs(ss[1, 1]) < 1e-6
+    assert abs(abs(ss[0, 1]) - 1.0) < 1e-6
+    assert abs(abs(ss[1, 0]) - 1.0) < 1e-6
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10
+
+
+def test_get_s_returns_finite_passive_output_for_small_straight_to_bend_fixture() -> None:
+    straight_mode, straight_wavenumber, _epsilon = _build_straight_mode()
+    bend_mode, bend_wavenumber = _build_bend_mode()
+
+    ss = eme.get_s([straight_mode], [straight_wavenumber], [bend_mode], [bend_wavenumber], dxes=REAL_DXES)
+
+    assert ss.shape == (2, 2)
+    assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10

From 010da1ccf5ed625121ff0886aa34182985161051 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 19:40:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/9] [tests] add some slow tests

---
 README.md                               |   8 +-
 meanas/test/test_examples_smoke.py      |  47 +++++++++++
 meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py            |   1 +
 meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py    |   3 +-
 meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py |   4 +
 pyproject.toml                          |   3 +
 uv.lock                                 | 104 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 7 files changed, 162 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 meanas/test/test_examples_smoke.py

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b400796..73d48b5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -95,9 +95,13 @@ source my_venv/bin/activate
 # Install in-place (-e, editable) from ./meanas, including development dependencies ([dev])
 pip3 install --user -e './meanas[dev]'
 
-# Run tests
+# Fast local iteration: excludes slower 3D/integration/example-smoke checks
 cd meanas
-python3 -m pytest -rsxX | tee test_results.txt
+python3 -m pytest -q -m "not complete"
+
+# Complete pre-commit confidence run: includes the slower integration tests and
+# tracked example smoke tests
+python3 -m pytest -q | tee test_results.txt
 ```
 
 #### See also:
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_examples_smoke.py b/meanas/test/test_examples_smoke.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b21f90b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/meanas/test/test_examples_smoke.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.complete
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+
+
+def _run_example(example_name: str, tmp_path: Path) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    env['MPLBACKEND'] = 'Agg'
+    env['MPLCONFIGDIR'] = str(tmp_path / f'mpl-{example_name}')
+    return subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, str(REPO_ROOT / 'examples' / example_name)],
+        cwd=REPO_ROOT,
+        env=env,
+        text=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+        check=False,
+        timeout=60,
+    )
+
+
+def test_eme_example_smoke_runs(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    pytest.importorskip('matplotlib')
+
+    result = _run_example('eme.py', tmp_path)
+
+    assert result.returncode == 0, result.stdout + result.stderr
+    assert 'left effective indices:' in result.stdout
+    assert 'fundamental left-to-right transmission' in result.stdout
+
+
+def test_eme_bend_example_smoke_runs(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    pytest.importorskip('matplotlib')
+    pytest.importorskip('skrf')
+
+    result = _run_example('eme_bend.py', tmp_path)
+
+    assert result.returncode == 0, result.stdout + result.stderr
+    assert 'straight effective indices:' in result.stdout
+    assert 'cascaded bend through power' in result.stdout
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py
index 9d8aef8..06c2588 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py
@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ def test_cpml_plane_wave_phasor_decays_monotonically_through_outgoing_pml() -> N
     assert numpy.all(numpy.diff(right_pml) <= interior_level * 1e-3)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.complete
 def test_cpml_point_source_total_energy_reaches_late_time_plateau() -> None:
     dt = 0.3
     period_steps = 24
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py b/meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py
index d1ecca9..75005d0 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ def _restore_reloaded(monkeypatch, module):
 
 
 def test_meanas_import_survives_readme_open_failure(monkeypatch) -> None:  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    expected_version = meanas.__version__
     original_open = pathlib.Path.open
 
     def failing_open(self: pathlib.Path, *args, **kwargs):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ def test_meanas_import_survives_readme_open_failure(monkeypatch) -> None:  # typ
     monkeypatch.setattr(pathlib.Path, 'open', failing_open)
     reloaded = _reload(meanas)
 
-    assert reloaded.__version__ == '0.10'
+    assert reloaded.__version__ == expected_version
     assert reloaded.__author__ == 'Jan Petykiewicz'
     assert reloaded.__doc__ is not None
 
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
index 167b91e..ae2078d 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import dataclasses
 from functools import lru_cache
 
 import numpy
+import pytest
 
 from .. import fdfd, fdtd
 from ..fdtd.misc import gaussian_packet
@@ -9,6 +10,9 @@ from ..fdmath import vec, unvec
 from ..fdfd import functional, scpml, waveguide_3d
 
 
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.complete
+
+
 DT = 0.25
 PERIOD_STEPS = 64
 OMEGA = 2 * numpy.pi / (PERIOD_STEPS * DT)
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 013631a..55fcac1 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -121,6 +121,9 @@ ignore_missing_imports = true
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 addopts = "-rsXx"
 testpaths = ["meanas"]
+markers = [
+    "complete: slower integration and smoke tests intended for full pre-commit confidence runs",
+]
 
 [tool.coverage.run]
 source = ["meanas"]
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index b696160..08bad0c 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 version = 1
 requires-python = ">=3.11"
+resolution-markers = [
+    "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'win32'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'emscripten'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'win32'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.14' and sys_platform == 'win32'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.14' and sys_platform == 'emscripten'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.14' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'win32'",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "babel"
@@ -730,8 +738,8 @@ dependencies = [
 [package.optional-dependencies]
 dev = [
     { name = "coverage" },
-    { name = "gridlock" },
     { name = "htmlark" },
+    { name = "matplotlib" },
     { name = "mkdocs" },
     { name = "mkdocs-material" },
     { name = "mkdocs-print-site-plugin" },
@@ -739,6 +747,7 @@ dev = [
     { name = "pymdown-extensions" },
     { name = "pytest" },
     { name = "ruff" },
+    { name = "scikit-rf" },
 ]
 docs = [
     { name = "htmlark" },
@@ -750,8 +759,8 @@ docs = [
     { name = "ruff" },
 ]
 examples = [
-    { name = "gridlock" },
     { name = "matplotlib" },
+    { name = "scikit-rf" },
 ]
 test = [
     { name = "coverage" },
@@ -762,11 +771,10 @@ test = [
 requires-dist = [
     { name = "coverage", marker = "extra == 'dev'" },
     { name = "coverage", marker = "extra == 'test'" },
-    { name = "gridlock" },
-    { name = "gridlock", marker = "extra == 'dev'" },
-    { name = "gridlock", marker = "extra == 'examples'", specifier = ">=2.1" },
+    { name = "gridlock", specifier = ">=2.1" },
     { name = "htmlark", marker = "extra == 'dev'", specifier = ">=1.0" },
     { name = "htmlark", marker = "extra == 'docs'", specifier = ">=1.0" },
+    { name = "matplotlib", marker = "extra == 'dev'", specifier = ">=3.10.8" },
     { name = "matplotlib", marker = "extra == 'examples'", specifier = ">=3.10.8" },
     { name = "mkdocs", marker = "extra == 'dev'", specifier = ">=1.6" },
     { name = "mkdocs", marker = "extra == 'docs'", specifier = ">=1.6" },
@@ -783,6 +791,8 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "pytest", marker = "extra == 'test'" },
     { name = "ruff", marker = "extra == 'dev'", specifier = ">=0.6" },
     { name = "ruff", marker = "extra == 'docs'", specifier = ">=0.6" },
+    { name = "scikit-rf", marker = "extra == 'dev'", specifier = ">=1.0" },
+    { name = "scikit-rf", marker = "extra == 'examples'", specifier = ">=1.0" },
     { name = "scipy", specifier = "~=1.14" },
 ]
 
@@ -1025,6 +1035,66 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/90/96/04b8e52da071d28f5e21a805b19cb9390aa17a47462ac87f5e2696b9566d/paginate-0.5.7-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b885e2af73abcf01d9559fd5216b57ef722f8c42affbb63942377668e35c7591", size = 13746 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pandas"
+version = "3.0.2"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "numpy" },
+    { name = "python-dateutil" },
+    { name = "tzdata", marker = "sys_platform == 'emscripten' or sys_platform == 'win32'" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/da/99/b342345300f13440fe9fe385c3c481e2d9a595ee3bab4d3219247ac94e9a/pandas-3.0.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:f4753e73e34c8d83221ba58f232433fca2748be8b18dbca02d242ed153945043", size = 4645855 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/97/35/6411db530c618e0e0005187e35aa02ce60ae4c4c4d206964a2f978217c27/pandas-3.0.2-cp311-cp311-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:a727a73cbdba2f7458dc82449e2315899d5140b449015d822f515749a46cbbe0", size = 10326926 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/d3/b7da1d5d7dbdc5ef52ed7debd2b484313b832982266905315dad5a0bf0b1/pandas-3.0.2-cp311-cp311-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:dbbd4aa20ca51e63b53bbde6a0fa4254b1aaabb74d2f542df7a7959feb1d760c", size = 9926987 },
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+]
+
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 name = "pathspec"
 version = "1.0.4"
@@ -1305,6 +1375,21 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/63/b6/aeadee5443e49baa2facd51131159fd6301cc4ccfc1541e4df7b021c37dd/ruff-0.15.11-py3-none-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:063fed18cc1bbe0ee7393957284a6fe8b588c6a406a285af3ee3f46da2391ee4", size = 11032614 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "scikit-rf"
+version = "1.11.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "numpy" },
+    { name = "pandas" },
+    { name = "scipy" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/89/bb/36d5d359137435e1776c44aaf5861aa84727ad728ac979ec76a52e3e5b28/scikit_rf-1.11.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ac6c532e327da473abb15864105337424061a9d36429808362de0247eb2906d1", size = 577744 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/42/53/301380bcb71e136d944363f9172491730ad3f03d0cef598d57a65db38d84/scikit_rf-1.11.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a8e7c8e3b89630685b1e1ab4c48fe19a6f830bbf31c26cd6f438e90902c2b9c5", size = 627060 },
+]
+
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 name = "scipy"
 version = "1.16.3"
@@ -1403,6 +1488,15 @@ wheels = [
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tzdata"
+version = "2026.1"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/19/f5/cd531b2d15a671a40c0f66cf06bc3570a12cd56eef98960068ebbad1bf5a/tzdata-2026.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:67658a1903c75917309e753fdc349ac0efd8c27db7a0cb406a25be4840f87f98", size = 197639 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b0/70/d460bd685a170790ec89317e9bd33047988e4bce507b831f5db771e142de/tzdata-2026.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4b1d2be7ac37ceafd7327b961aa3a54e467efbdb563a23655fbfe0d39cfc42a9", size = 348952 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "urllib3"
 version = "2.6.3"

From eec3fc28a73194d6e4368cc529b620b47d7eec3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 19:51:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/9] [docs] update colors

---
 docs/stylesheets/extra.css | 22 +++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/stylesheets/extra.css b/docs/stylesheets/extra.css
index 090b5e7..bee91a4 100644
--- a/docs/stylesheets/extra.css
+++ b/docs/stylesheets/extra.css
@@ -13,19 +13,31 @@
 }
 
 [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] {
-  --md-default-bg-color: #0f141c;
+  --md-default-bg-color: #000000;
+  --md-default-bg-color--light: #050505;
+  --md-default-bg-color--lighter: #0a0a0a;
+  --md-default-bg-color--lightest: #111111;
   --md-default-fg-color: #e8eef7;
   --md-default-fg-color--light: #b3bfd1;
   --md-default-fg-color--lighter: #7f8ba0;
   --md-default-fg-color--lightest: #5d6880;
-  --md-code-bg-color: #111923;
+  --md-code-bg-color: #050505;
   --md-code-fg-color: #e4edf8;
   --md-accent-fg-color: #7dd3fc;
 }
 
 [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-header,
 [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-tabs {
-  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #111923 0%, #162235 100%);
+  background: #000000;
+}
+
+[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-main,
+[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-main__inner,
+[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-content,
+[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-content__inner,
+[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-sidebar,
+[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-sidebar__scrollwrap {
+  background: #000000;
 }
 
 [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-typeset pre > code,
@@ -34,7 +46,7 @@
 }
 
 [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-typeset table:not([class]) {
-  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.015);
+  background: #050505;
 }
 
 [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-typeset table:not([class]) th {
@@ -43,7 +55,7 @@
 
 [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-typeset .admonition,
 [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .md-typeset details {
-  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.02);
+  background: #050505;
   border-color: rgba(125, 211, 252, 0.2);
 }
 

From c6c9159b133e9c22b55c45ff2c2f719aef086b9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 21:13:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/9] type hints and lint

---
 examples/eme.py                            |  8 +++++--
 examples/eme_bend.py                       | 10 +++++---
 examples/fdtd.py                           |  3 +--
 meanas/fdfd/bloch.py                       | 11 ++++++++-
 meanas/fdfd/eme.py                         | 16 +++++++------
 meanas/fdfd/farfield.py                    | 27 +++++++++++-----------
 meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py                |  4 ++--
 meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py                | 22 +++++++++++-------
 meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py               | 12 +++++-----
 meanas/fdmath/functional.py                |  6 ++---
 meanas/fdmath/operators.py                 |  4 ++--
 meanas/fdmath/types.py                     |  8 +++----
 meanas/fdtd/base.py                        |  6 ++---
 meanas/fdtd/boundaries.py                  | 14 +++++------
 meanas/fdtd/misc.py                        | 24 +++++++++++++------
 meanas/fdtd/pml.py                         | 25 ++++++++++----------
 meanas/test/test_bloch_interactions.py     |  2 +-
 meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py           | 27 ++++++++++++++--------
 meanas/test/test_fdfd_pml.py               |  6 +++--
 meanas/test/test_fdfd_solvers.py           | 20 ++++++++--------
 meanas/test/test_fdtd_base.py              |  2 --
 meanas/test/test_fdtd_boundaries.py        |  2 +-
 meanas/test/test_fdtd_misc.py              |  3 +++
 meanas/test/test_fdtd_phasor.py            |  2 +-
 meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py               | 16 +++++++------
 meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py       | 22 ++++++++++++------
 meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py    | 20 ++++++++--------
 meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py |  2 +-
 meanas/test/utils.py                       |  7 +++---
 pyproject.toml                             |  3 +++
 30 files changed, 198 insertions(+), 136 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/eme.py b/examples/eme.py
index 6215cbc..3a26dc8 100644
--- a/examples/eme.py
+++ b/examples/eme.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ simple straight interface:
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import importlib
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy
 from numpy import pi
@@ -24,6 +25,9 @@ from gridlock import Extent
 from meanas.fdfd import eme, waveguide_2d
 from meanas.fdmath import unvec
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from types import ModuleType
+
 
 WL = 1310.0
 DX = 40.0
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ EPS_OX = 1.453 ** 2
 MODE_NUMBERS = numpy.array([0])
 
 
-def require_optional(name: str, package_name: str | None = None):
+def require_optional(name: str, package_name: str | None = None) -> ModuleType:
     package_name = package_name or name
     try:
         return importlib.import_module(name)
@@ -159,7 +163,7 @@ def print_summary(ss: numpy.ndarray, wavenumbers_left: numpy.ndarray, wavenumber
 
 def plot_results(
         *,
-        pyplot,
+        pyplot: ModuleType,
         ss: numpy.ndarray,
         left_mode: tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray],
         right_mode: tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray],
diff --git a/examples/eme_bend.py b/examples/eme_bend.py
index caff4df..e5eaebd 100644
--- a/examples/eme_bend.py
+++ b/examples/eme_bend.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ This example demonstrates a cylindrical-waveguide EME workflow:
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import importlib
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy
 from numpy import pi
@@ -26,6 +27,9 @@ from gridlock import Extent
 from meanas.fdfd import eme, waveguide_2d, waveguide_cyl
 from meanas.fdmath import unvec
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from types import ModuleType
+
 
 WL = 1310.0
 DX = 40.0
@@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ STRAIGHT_SECTION_LENGTH = 12e3
 BEND_ANGLE = pi / 2
 
 
-def require_optional(name: str, package_name: str | None = None):
+def require_optional(name: str, package_name: str | None = None) -> ModuleType:
     package_name = package_name or name
     try:
         return importlib.import_module(name)
@@ -163,7 +167,7 @@ def solve_bend_modes(
 
 
 def build_cascaded_network(
-        skrf,
+        skrf: ModuleType,
         *,
         interface_s: numpy.ndarray,
         straight_wavenumbers: numpy.ndarray,
@@ -216,7 +220,7 @@ def print_summary(
 
 def plot_results(
         *,
-        pyplot,
+        pyplot: ModuleType,
         interface_s: numpy.ndarray,
         cascaded_s: numpy.ndarray,
         straight_mode: tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray],
diff --git a/examples/fdtd.py b/examples/fdtd.py
index d8cd101..fd6026d 100644
--- a/examples/fdtd.py
+++ b/examples/fdtd.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def perturbed_l3(a: float, radius: float, **kwargs) -> Pattern:
     return pat
 
 
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     dtype = numpy.float32
     max_t = 3600            # number of timesteps
 
@@ -97,7 +97,6 @@ def main():
     pml_thickness = 8       # (number of cells)
 
     wl = 1550               # Excitation wavelength and fwhm
-    dwl = 100
 
     # Device design parameters
     xy_size = numpy.array([10, 10])
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/bloch.py b/meanas/fdfd/bloch.py
index 5701ed9..df04999 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/bloch.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/bloch.py
@@ -683,7 +683,16 @@ def eigsolve(
             return numpy.abs(trace)
 
         if False:
-            def trace_deriv(theta, sgn: int = sgn, ZtAZ=ZtAZ, DtAD=DtAD, symZtD=symZtD, symZtAD=symZtAD, ZtZ=ZtZ, DtD=DtD):     # noqa: ANN001
+            def trace_deriv(
+                    theta: float,
+                    sgn: int = sgn,
+                    ZtAZ=ZtAZ,           # noqa: ANN001
+                    DtAD=DtAD,           # noqa: ANN001
+                    symZtD=symZtD,       # noqa: ANN001
+                    symZtAD=symZtAD,     # noqa: ANN001
+                    ZtZ=ZtZ,             # noqa: ANN001
+                    DtD=DtD,             # noqa: ANN001
+                    ) -> float:
                 Qi = Qi_func(theta)
                 c2 = numpy.cos(2 * theta)
                 s2 = numpy.sin(2 * theta)
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/eme.py b/meanas/fdfd/eme.py
index 366de8e..af745e8 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/eme.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/eme.py
@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@ from scipy import sparse
 from ..fdmath import dx_lists2_t, vcfdfield2
 from .waveguide_2d import inner_product
 
+type wavenumber_seq = Sequence[complex] | NDArray[numpy.complexfloating] | NDArray[numpy.floating]
+
 
 def _validate_port_modes(
         name: str,
         ehs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
-        wavenumbers: Sequence[complex],
+        wavenumbers: wavenumber_seq,
         ) -> tuple[tuple[int, ...], tuple[int, ...]]:
     if len(ehs) != len(wavenumbers):
         raise ValueError(f'{name} mode list and wavenumber list must have the same length')
@@ -61,9 +63,9 @@ def _validate_port_modes(
 
 def get_tr(
         ehLs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
-        wavenumbers_L: Sequence[complex],
+        wavenumbers_L: wavenumber_seq,
         ehRs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
-        wavenumbers_R: Sequence[complex],
+        wavenumbers_R: wavenumber_seq,
         dxes: dx_lists2_t,
         ) -> tuple[NDArray[numpy.complex128], NDArray[numpy.complex128]]:
     """
@@ -118,9 +120,9 @@ def get_tr(
 
 def get_abcd(
         ehLs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
-        wavenumbers_L: Sequence[complex],
+        wavenumbers_L: wavenumber_seq,
         ehRs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
-        wavenumbers_R: Sequence[complex],
+        wavenumbers_R: wavenumber_seq,
         **kwargs,
         ) -> sparse.sparray:
     """
@@ -151,9 +153,9 @@ def get_abcd(
 
 def get_s(
         ehLs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
-        wavenumbers_L: Sequence[complex],
+        wavenumbers_L: wavenumber_seq,
         ehRs: Sequence[Sequence[vcfdfield2]],
-        wavenumbers_R: Sequence[complex],
+        wavenumbers_R: wavenumber_seq,
         force_nogain: bool = False,
         force_reciprocal: bool = False,
         **kwargs,
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/farfield.py b/meanas/fdfd/farfield.py
index 0051cd0..00e6989 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/farfield.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/farfield.py
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 """
 Functions for performing near-to-farfield transformation (and the reverse).
 """
-from typing import Any, cast, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Any, cast
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 import numpy
 from numpy.fft import fft2, fftshift, fftfreq, ifft2, ifftshift
 from numpy import pi
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
+from numpy import complexfloating
 
-from ..fdmath import cfdfield_t
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Sequence
+type farfield_slice = NDArray[complexfloating]
+type transverse_slice_pair = Sequence[farfield_slice]
 
 
 def near_to_farfield(
-        E_near: cfdfield_t,
-        H_near: cfdfield_t,
+        E_near: transverse_slice_pair,
+        H_near: transverse_slice_pair,
         dx: float,
         dy: float,
-        padded_size: list[int] | int | None = None
+        padded_size: Sequence[int] | int | None = None
         ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """
     Compute the farfield, i.e. the distribution of the fields after propagation
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ def near_to_farfield(
         raise Exception('H_near must be a length-2 list of ndarrays')
 
     s = E_near[0].shape
-    if not all(s == f.shape for f in E_near + H_near):
+    if not all(s == f.shape for f in [*E_near, *H_near]):
         raise Exception('All fields must be the same shape!')
 
     if padded_size is None:
@@ -123,11 +124,11 @@ def near_to_farfield(
 
 
 def far_to_nearfield(
-        E_far: cfdfield_t,
-        H_far: cfdfield_t,
+        E_far: transverse_slice_pair,
+        H_far: transverse_slice_pair,
         dkx: float,
         dky: float,
-        padded_size: list[int] | int | None = None
+        padded_size: Sequence[int] | int | None = None
         ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """
     Compute the farfield, i.e. the distribution of the fields after propagation
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ def far_to_nearfield(
         raise Exception('H_far must be a length-2 list of ndarrays')
 
     s = E_far[0].shape
-    if not all(s == f.shape for f in E_far + H_far):
+    if not all(s == f.shape for f in [*E_far, *H_far]):
         raise Exception('All fields must be the same shape!')
 
     if padded_size is None:
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
index 1074e2b..fa2fe76 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
@@ -423,10 +423,10 @@ def normalized_fields_h(
 def _normalized_fields(
         e: vcfdslice,
         h: vcfdslice,
-        omega: complex,
+        _omega: complex,
         dxes: dx_lists2_t,
         epsilon: vfdslice,
-        mu: vfdslice | None = None,
+        _mu: vfdslice | None = None,
         prop_phase: float = 0,
         ) -> tuple[vcfdslice_t, vcfdslice_t]:
     r"""
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py
index e7dfd22..01db9b1 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py
@@ -19,9 +19,8 @@ The intended workflow is:
 That same convention controls which side of the selected slice is used for the
 overlap window and how the expanded field is phased.
 """
-from typing import Any, cast
+from typing import Any, TypedDict, cast
 import warnings
-from typing import Any
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 import numpy
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
@@ -31,6 +30,13 @@ from ..fdmath import vec, unvec, dx_lists_t, cfdfield_t, fdfield, cfdfield
 from . import operators, waveguide_2d
 
 
+class Waveguide3DMode(TypedDict):
+    wavenumber: complex
+    wavenumber_2d: complex
+    H: NDArray[complexfloating]
+    E: NDArray[complexfloating]
+
+
 def solve_mode(
         mode_number: int,
         omega: complex,
@@ -40,7 +46,7 @@ def solve_mode(
         slices: Sequence[slice],
         epsilon: fdfield,
         mu: fdfield | None = None,
-        ) -> dict[str, complex | NDArray[complexfloating]]:
+        ) -> Waveguide3DMode:
     r"""
     Given a 3D grid, selects a slice from the grid and attempts to
     solve for an eigenmode propagating through that slice.
@@ -121,7 +127,7 @@ def solve_mode(
         E[iii] = e[oo][:, :, None].transpose(reverse_order)
         H[iii] = h[oo][:, :, None].transpose(reverse_order)
 
-    results = {
+    results: Waveguide3DMode = {
         'wavenumber': wavenumber,
         'wavenumber_2d': wavenumber_2d,
         'H': H,
@@ -184,13 +190,13 @@ def compute_source(
 
 
 def compute_overlap_e(
-        E: cfdfield_t,
+        E: cfdfield,
         wavenumber: complex,
         dxes: dx_lists_t,
         axis: int,
         polarity: int,
         slices: Sequence[slice],
-        omega: float,
+        _omega: float,
         ) -> cfdfield_t:
     r"""
     Build an overlap field for projecting another 3D electric field onto a mode.
@@ -262,7 +268,7 @@ def compute_overlap_e(
     if clipped_start >= clipped_stop:
         raise ValueError('Requested overlap window lies outside the domain')
     if clipped_start != start or clipped_stop != stop:
-        warnings.warn('Requested overlap window was clipped to fit within the domain', RuntimeWarning)
+        warnings.warn('Requested overlap window was clipped to fit within the domain', RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
     slices2_l = list(slices)
     slices2_l[axis] = slice(clipped_start, clipped_stop)
@@ -275,7 +281,7 @@ def compute_overlap_e(
     norm = (Etgt.conj() * Etgt).sum()
     if norm == 0:
         raise ValueError('Requested overlap window contains no overlap field support')
-    Etgt /= norm
+    Etgt = Etgt / norm
     return cfdfield_t(Etgt)
 
 
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
index 201f709..e4e2666 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ import numpy
 from numpy.typing import NDArray, ArrayLike
 from scipy import sparse
 
-from ..fdmath import vec, unvec, dx_lists2_t, vcfdslice_t, vcfdfield2_t, vfdslice, vcfdslice, vcfdfield2
+from ..fdmath import vec, unvec, dx_lists2_t, vcfdslice_t, vfdslice, vcfdslice, vcfdfield2
 from ..fdmath.operators import deriv_forward, deriv_back
 from ..eigensolvers import signed_eigensolve, rayleigh_quotient_iteration
 from . import waveguide_2d
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ def solve_mode(
         mode_number: int,
         *args: Any,
         **kwargs: Any,
-        ) -> tuple[vcfdslice, complex]:
+        ) -> tuple[vcfdfield2, complex]:
     """
     Wrapper around `solve_modes()` that solves for a single mode.
 
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ def solve_mode(
 
 
 def linear_wavenumbers(
-        e_xys: list[vcfdfield2_t],
+        e_xys: Sequence[vcfdfield2] | NDArray[numpy.complex128],
         angular_wavenumbers: ArrayLike,
         epsilon: vfdslice,
         dxes: dx_lists2_t,
@@ -537,11 +537,11 @@ def normalized_fields_e(
 def _normalized_fields(
         e: vcfdslice,
         h: vcfdslice,
-        omega: complex,
+        _omega: complex,
         dxes: dx_lists2_t,
-        rmin: float,        # Currently unused, but may want to use cylindrical poynting
+        _rmin: float,        # Currently unused, but may want to use cylindrical poynting
         epsilon: vfdslice,
-        mu: vfdslice | None = None,
+        _mu: vfdslice | None = None,
         prop_phase: float = 0,
         ) -> tuple[vcfdslice_t, vcfdslice_t]:
     r"""
diff --git a/meanas/fdmath/functional.py b/meanas/fdmath/functional.py
index 034d4ba..27d368a 100644
--- a/meanas/fdmath/functional.py
+++ b/meanas/fdmath/functional.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import numpy
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
 from numpy import floating, complexfloating
 
-from .types import fdfield_t, fdfield_updater_t
+from .types import fdfield, fdfield_updater_t
 
 
 def deriv_forward(
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def curl_forward_parts(
         ) -> Callable:
     Dx, Dy, Dz = deriv_forward(dx_e)
 
-    def mkparts_fwd(e: fdfield_t) -> tuple[tuple[fdfield_t, fdfield_t], ...]:
+    def mkparts_fwd(e: fdfield) -> tuple[tuple[fdfield, fdfield], ...]:
         return ((-Dz(e[1]),  Dy(e[2])),
                 ( Dz(e[0]), -Dx(e[2])),
                 (-Dy(e[0]),  Dx(e[1])))
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ def curl_back_parts(
         ) -> Callable:
     Dx, Dy, Dz = deriv_back(dx_h)
 
-    def mkparts_back(h: fdfield_t) -> tuple[tuple[fdfield_t, fdfield_t], ...]:
+    def mkparts_back(h: fdfield) -> tuple[tuple[fdfield, fdfield], ...]:
         return ((-Dz(h[1]),  Dy(h[2])),
                 ( Dz(h[0]), -Dx(h[2])),
                 (-Dy(h[0]),  Dx(h[1])))
diff --git a/meanas/fdmath/operators.py b/meanas/fdmath/operators.py
index 0c64ae7..8b7cabc 100644
--- a/meanas/fdmath/operators.py
+++ b/meanas/fdmath/operators.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from numpy.typing import NDArray
 from numpy import floating, complexfloating
 from scipy import sparse
 
-from .types import vfdfield_t
+from .types import vfdfield
 
 
 def shift_circ(
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ def cross(
             [-B[1], B[0], zero]])
 
 
-def vec_cross(b: vfdfield_t) -> sparse.sparray:
+def vec_cross(b: vfdfield) -> sparse.sparray:
     """
     Vector cross product operator
 
diff --git a/meanas/fdmath/types.py b/meanas/fdmath/types.py
index 222d18a..b82a5ae 100644
--- a/meanas/fdmath/types.py
+++ b/meanas/fdmath/types.py
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ dx_lists2_mut = MutableSequence[MutableSequence[NDArray[floating | complexfloati
 """Mutable version of `dx_lists2_t`"""
 
 
-fdfield_updater_t = Callable[..., fdfield_t]
-"""Convenience type for functions which take and return an fdfield_t"""
+fdfield_updater_t = Callable[..., fdfield]
+"""Convenience type for functions which take and return a real `fdfield`"""
 
-cfdfield_updater_t = Callable[..., cfdfield_t]
-"""Convenience type for functions which take and return an cfdfield_t"""
+cfdfield_updater_t = Callable[..., cfdfield]
+"""Convenience type for functions which take and return a complex `cfdfield`"""
diff --git a/meanas/fdtd/base.py b/meanas/fdtd/base.py
index 3891e28..480ed87 100644
--- a/meanas/fdtd/base.py
+++ b/meanas/fdtd/base.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Basic FDTD field updates
 
 
 """
-from ..fdmath import dx_lists_t, fdfield_t, fdfield_updater_t
+from ..fdmath import dx_lists_t, fdfield, fdfield_updater_t
 from ..fdmath.functional import curl_forward, curl_back
 
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def maxwell_e(
     else:
         curl_h_fun = curl_back()
 
-    def me_fun(e: fdfield_t, h: fdfield_t, epsilon: fdfield_t | float) -> fdfield_t:
+    def me_fun(e: fdfield, h: fdfield, epsilon: fdfield | float) -> fdfield:
         """
         Update the E-field.
 
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def maxwell_h(
     else:
         curl_e_fun = curl_forward()
 
-    def mh_fun(e: fdfield_t, h: fdfield_t, mu: fdfield_t | float | None = None) -> fdfield_t:
+    def mh_fun(e: fdfield, h: fdfield, mu: fdfield | float | None = None) -> fdfield:
         """
         Update the H-field.
 
diff --git a/meanas/fdtd/boundaries.py b/meanas/fdtd/boundaries.py
index aa0bff5..ca8940d 100644
--- a/meanas/fdtd/boundaries.py
+++ b/meanas/fdtd/boundaries.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Boundary conditions
 
 from typing import Any
 
-from ..fdmath import fdfield_t, fdfield_updater_t
+from ..fdmath import fdfield, fdfield_updater_t
 
 
 def conducting_boundary(
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ def conducting_boundary(
         ) -> tuple[fdfield_updater_t, fdfield_updater_t]:
     dirs = [0, 1, 2]
     if direction not in dirs:
-        raise Exception(f'Invalid direction: {direction}')
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid direction: {direction}')
     dirs.remove(direction)
     u, v = dirs
 
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ def conducting_boundary(
         boundary = tuple(boundary_slice)
         shifted1 = tuple(shifted1_slice)
 
-        def en(e: fdfield_t) -> fdfield_t:
+        def en(e: fdfield) -> fdfield:
             e[direction][boundary] = 0
             e[u][boundary] = e[u][shifted1]
             e[v][boundary] = e[v][shifted1]
             return e
 
-        def hn(h: fdfield_t) -> fdfield_t:
+        def hn(h: fdfield) -> fdfield:
             h[direction][boundary] = h[direction][shifted1]
             h[u][boundary] = 0
             h[v][boundary] = 0
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ def conducting_boundary(
         shifted1 = tuple(shifted1_slice)
         shifted2 = tuple(shifted2_slice)
 
-        def ep(e: fdfield_t) -> fdfield_t:
+        def ep(e: fdfield) -> fdfield:
             e[direction][boundary] = -e[direction][shifted2]
             e[direction][shifted1] = 0
             e[u][boundary] = e[u][shifted1]
             e[v][boundary] = e[v][shifted1]
             return e
 
-        def hp(h: fdfield_t) -> fdfield_t:
+        def hp(h: fdfield) -> fdfield:
             h[direction][boundary] = h[direction][shifted1]
             h[u][boundary] = -h[u][shifted2]
             h[u][shifted1] = 0
@@ -73,4 +73,4 @@ def conducting_boundary(
 
         return ep, hp
 
-    raise Exception(f'Bad polarity: {polarity}')
+    raise ValueError(f'Bad polarity: {polarity}')
diff --git a/meanas/fdtd/misc.py b/meanas/fdtd/misc.py
index 89ccb3d..585c745 100644
--- a/meanas/fdtd/misc.py
+++ b/meanas/fdtd/misc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
 import logging
+from typing import cast
 
 import numpy
 from numpy.typing import NDArray, ArrayLike
@@ -9,7 +10,14 @@ from numpy import pi
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-pulse_fn_t = Callable[[int | NDArray], tuple[float, float, float]]
+type pulse_scalar_t = float | NDArray[numpy.floating]
+pulse_fn_t = Callable[[ArrayLike], tuple[pulse_scalar_t, pulse_scalar_t, pulse_scalar_t]]
+
+
+def _scalar_or_array(values: NDArray[numpy.floating]) -> pulse_scalar_t:
+    if values.ndim == 0:
+        return float(values)
+    return cast('NDArray[numpy.floating]', values)
 
 
 def gaussian_packet(
@@ -49,8 +57,9 @@ def gaussian_packet(
     delay = numpy.ceil(delay * freq) / freq     # force delay to integer number of periods to maintain phase
     logger.info(f'src_time {2 * delay / dt}')
 
-    def source_phasor(ii: int | NDArray) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
-        t0 = ii * dt - delay
+    def source_phasor(ii: ArrayLike) -> tuple[pulse_scalar_t, pulse_scalar_t, pulse_scalar_t]:
+        ii_array = numpy.asarray(ii, dtype=float)
+        t0 = ii_array * dt - delay
         envelope = numpy.sqrt(numpy.sqrt(2 * alpha / pi)) * numpy.exp(-alpha * t0 * t0)
 
         if one_sided:
@@ -59,7 +68,7 @@ def gaussian_packet(
         cc = numpy.cos(omega * t0)
         ss = numpy.sin(omega * t0)
 
-        return envelope, cc, ss
+        return _scalar_or_array(envelope), _scalar_or_array(cc), _scalar_or_array(ss)
 
     # nrm = numpy.exp(-omega * omega / alpha) / 2
 
@@ -105,15 +114,16 @@ def ricker_pulse(
     delay = delay_results.root
     delay = numpy.ceil(delay * freq) / freq     # force delay to integer number of periods to maintain phase
 
-    def source_phasor(ii: int | NDArray) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
-        t0 = ii * dt - delay
+    def source_phasor(ii: ArrayLike) -> tuple[pulse_scalar_t, pulse_scalar_t, pulse_scalar_t]:
+        ii_array = numpy.asarray(ii, dtype=float)
+        t0 = ii_array * dt - delay
         rr = omega * t0 / 2
         ff = (1 - 2 * rr * rr) * numpy.exp(-rr * rr)
 
         cc = numpy.cos(omega * t0)
         ss = numpy.sin(omega * t0)
 
-        return ff, cc, ss
+        return _scalar_or_array(ff), _scalar_or_array(cc), _scalar_or_array(ss)
 
     return source_phasor, delay
 
diff --git a/meanas/fdtd/pml.py b/meanas/fdtd/pml.py
index bf61b4e..aba9cb7 100644
--- a/meanas/fdtd/pml.py
+++ b/meanas/fdtd/pml.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from copy import deepcopy
 import numpy
 from numpy.typing import NDArray, DTypeLike
 
-from ..fdmath import fdfield, fdfield_t, dx_lists_t
+from ..fdmath import fdfield, dx_lists_t
 from ..fdmath.functional import deriv_forward, deriv_back
 
 
@@ -67,16 +67,16 @@ def cpml_params(
     """
 
     if axis not in range(3):
-        raise Exception(f'Invalid axis: {axis}')
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid axis: {axis}')
 
     if polarity not in (-1, 1):
-        raise Exception(f'Invalid polarity: {polarity}')
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid polarity: {polarity}')
 
     if thickness <= 2:
-        raise Exception('It would be wise to have a pml with 4+ cells of thickness')
+        raise ValueError('It would be wise to have a pml with 4+ cells of thickness')
 
     if epsilon_eff <= 0:
-        raise Exception('epsilon_eff must be positive')
+        raise ValueError('epsilon_eff must be positive')
 
     sigma_max = -ln_R_per_layer / 2 * (m + 1)
     kappa_max = numpy.sqrt(epsilon_eff * mu_eff)
@@ -129,8 +129,7 @@ def updates_with_cpml(
         epsilon: fdfield,
         *,
         dtype: DTypeLike = numpy.float32,
-        ) -> tuple[Callable[[fdfield_t, fdfield_t, fdfield_t], None],
-                   Callable[[fdfield_t, fdfield_t, fdfield_t], None]]:
+        ) -> tuple[Callable[..., None], Callable[..., None]]:
     """
     Build Yee-step update closures augmented with CPML terms.
 
@@ -187,9 +186,9 @@ def updates_with_cpml(
     pH = numpy.empty_like(epsilon, dtype=dtype)
 
     def update_E(
-            e: fdfield_t,
-            h: fdfield_t,
-            epsilon: fdfield_t,
+            e: fdfield,
+            h: fdfield,
+            epsilon: fdfield,
             ) -> None:
         dyHx = Dby(h[0])
         dzHx = Dbz(h[0])
@@ -233,9 +232,9 @@ def updates_with_cpml(
         e[2] += dt / epsilon[2] * (dxHy - dyHx + pE[2])
 
     def update_H(
-            e: fdfield_t,
-            h: fdfield_t,
-            mu: fdfield_t | tuple[int, int, int] = (1, 1, 1),
+            e: fdfield,
+            h: fdfield,
+            mu: fdfield | tuple[int, int, int] = (1, 1, 1),
             ) -> None:
         dyEx = Dfy(e[0])
         dzEx = Dfz(e[0])
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_bloch_interactions.py b/meanas/test/test_bloch_interactions.py
index b67d5ce..0628a55 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_bloch_interactions.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_bloch_interactions.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 from ..fdfd import bloch
-from ._bloch_case import EPSILON, G_MATRIX, H_SIZE, K0_X, SHAPE, Y0, Y0_TWO_MODE, build_overlap_fixture
+from ._bloch_case import EPSILON, G_MATRIX, H_SIZE, K0_X, Y0, Y0_TWO_MODE, build_overlap_fixture
 from .utils import assert_close
 
 
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py b/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
index 7486128..2949e4c 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import cast
+
 import numpy
 import pytest
 from scipy import sparse
@@ -51,6 +53,10 @@ def _nonsymmetric_tr(left_marker: object):
     return fake_get_tr
 
 
+def _dummy_modes() -> tuple[list[tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray]], numpy.ndarray]:
+    return [_mode(0.0), _mode(0.7)], numpy.array([1.0, 0.5])
+
+
 def test_get_tr_returns_finite_bounded_transfer_matrices() -> None:
     left_modes, right_modes = _mode_sets()
 
@@ -103,9 +109,10 @@ def test_get_s_plain_matches_block_assembly_from_get_tr() -> None:
 
 def test_get_s_force_nogain_caps_singular_values(monkeypatch) -> None:
     monkeypatch.setattr(eme, 'get_tr', _gain_only_tr)
+    modes, wavenumbers = _dummy_modes()
 
-    plain_s = eme.get_s(None, None, None, None)
-    clipped_s = eme.get_s(None, None, None, None, force_nogain=True)
+    plain_s = eme.get_s(modes, wavenumbers, modes, wavenumbers)
+    clipped_s = eme.get_s(modes, wavenumbers, modes, wavenumbers, force_nogain=True)
 
     plain_singular_values = numpy.linalg.svd(plain_s, compute_uv=False)
     clipped_singular_values = numpy.linalg.svd(clipped_s, compute_uv=False)
@@ -116,18 +123,20 @@ def test_get_s_force_nogain_caps_singular_values(monkeypatch) -> None:
 
 
 def test_get_s_force_reciprocal_symmetrizes_output(monkeypatch) -> None:
-    left = object()
-    right = object()
+    left = numpy.array([1.0, 0.5])
+    right = numpy.array([0.9, 0.4])
+    modes, _wavenumbers = _dummy_modes()
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(eme, 'get_tr', _nonsymmetric_tr(left))
-    ss = eme.get_s(None, left, None, right, force_reciprocal=True)
+    ss = eme.get_s(modes, left, modes, right, force_reciprocal=True)
 
     assert_close(ss, ss.T)
 
 
 def test_get_s_force_nogain_and_reciprocal_returns_finite_output(monkeypatch) -> None:
     monkeypatch.setattr(eme, 'get_tr', _gain_and_reflection_tr)
-    ss = eme.get_s(None, None, None, None, force_nogain=True, force_reciprocal=True)
+    modes, wavenumbers = _dummy_modes()
+    ss = eme.get_s(modes, wavenumbers, modes, wavenumbers, force_nogain=True, force_reciprocal=True)
 
     assert ss.shape == (4, 4)
     assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
@@ -143,15 +152,15 @@ def test_get_tr_rejects_length_mismatches() -> None:
 
 
 def test_get_tr_rejects_malformed_mode_tuples() -> None:
-    bad_modes = [(numpy.ones(4),)]
+    bad_modes = cast(list[tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray]], [(numpy.ones(4, dtype=complex),)])
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='2-tuple'):
         eme.get_tr(bad_modes, [1.0], bad_modes, [1.0], dxes=DXES)
 
 
 def test_get_tr_rejects_incompatible_field_shapes() -> None:
-    left_modes = [(numpy.ones(4), numpy.ones(4))]
-    right_modes = [(numpy.ones(6), numpy.ones(6))]
+    left_modes = [(numpy.ones(4, dtype=complex), numpy.ones(4, dtype=complex))]
+    right_modes = [(numpy.ones(6, dtype=complex), numpy.ones(6, dtype=complex))]
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='same E/H shapes'):
         eme.get_tr(left_modes, [1.0], right_modes, [1.0], dxes=DXES)
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_fdfd_pml.py b/meanas/test/test_fdfd_pml.py
index 540a3a0..1a8d66c 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_fdfd_pml.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_fdfd_pml.py
@@ -85,8 +85,10 @@ def j_distribution(
     other_dims = [0, 1, 2]
     other_dims.remove(dim)
 
-    dx_prop = (dxes[0][dim][shape[dim + 1] // 2]
-             + dxes[1][dim][shape[dim + 1] // 2]) / 2   # noqa: E128   # TODO is this right for nonuniform dxes?
+    dx_prop = (
+        dxes[0][dim][shape[dim + 1] // 2]
+        + dxes[1][dim][shape[dim + 1] // 2]
+    ) / 2   # TODO is this right for nonuniform dxes?
 
     # Mask only contains components orthogonal to propagation direction
     center_mask = numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=bool)
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_fdfd_solvers.py b/meanas/test/test_fdfd_solvers.py
index b841dc9..de39d70 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_fdfd_solvers.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_fdfd_solvers.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import cast
+
 import numpy
 
 from ..fdfd import solvers
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ def test_scipy_qmr_installs_logging_callback_when_missing(monkeypatch) -> None:
 
 def test_generic_forward_preconditions_system_and_guess(monkeypatch) -> None:
     case = solver_plumbing_case()
-    captured: dict[str, object] = {}
+    captured: dict[str, numpy.ndarray | float | object] = {}
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(solvers.operators, 'e_full', lambda *args, **kwargs: case.a0)
     monkeypatch.setattr(solvers.operators, 'e_full_preconditioners', lambda dxes: (case.pl, case.pr))
@@ -63,16 +65,16 @@ def test_generic_forward_preconditions_system_and_guess(monkeypatch) -> None:
         E_guess=case.guess,
     )
 
-    assert_close(captured['a'].toarray(), (case.pl @ case.a0 @ case.pr).toarray())
-    assert_close(captured['b'], case.pl @ (-1j * case.omega * case.j))
-    assert_close(captured['x0'], case.pl @ case.guess)
+    assert_close(cast(object, captured['a']).toarray(), (case.pl @ case.a0 @ case.pr).toarray())  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert_close(cast(numpy.ndarray, captured['b']), case.pl @ (-1j * case.omega * case.j))
+    assert_close(cast(numpy.ndarray, captured['x0']), case.pl @ case.guess)
     assert captured['atol'] == 1e-12
     assert_close(result, case.pr @ case.solver_result)
 
 
 def test_generic_adjoint_preconditions_system_and_guess(monkeypatch) -> None:
     case = solver_plumbing_case()
-    captured: dict[str, object] = {}
+    captured: dict[str, numpy.ndarray | float | object] = {}
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(solvers.operators, 'e_full', lambda *args, **kwargs: case.a0)
     monkeypatch.setattr(solvers.operators, 'e_full_preconditioners', lambda dxes: (case.pl, case.pr))
@@ -96,9 +98,9 @@ def test_generic_adjoint_preconditions_system_and_guess(monkeypatch) -> None:
     )
 
     expected_matrix = (case.pl @ case.a0 @ case.pr).T.conjugate()
-    assert_close(captured['a'].toarray(), expected_matrix.toarray())
-    assert_close(captured['b'], case.pr.T.conjugate() @ (-1j * case.omega * case.j))
-    assert_close(captured['x0'], case.pr.T.conjugate() @ case.guess)
+    assert_close(cast(object, captured['a']).toarray(), expected_matrix.toarray())  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert_close(cast(numpy.ndarray, captured['b']), case.pr.T.conjugate() @ (-1j * case.omega * case.j))
+    assert_close(cast(numpy.ndarray, captured['x0']), case.pr.T.conjugate() @ case.guess)
     assert captured['rtol'] == 1e-9
     assert_close(result, case.pl.T.conjugate() @ case.solver_result)
 
@@ -122,5 +124,5 @@ def test_generic_without_guess_does_not_inject_x0(monkeypatch) -> None:
         matrix_solver=fake_solver,
     )
 
-    assert 'x0' not in captured['kwargs']
+    assert 'x0' not in cast(dict[str, object], captured['kwargs'])
     assert_close(result, case.pr @ numpy.array([1.0, -1.0]))
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_base.py b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_base.py
index bc1f514..c8246d5 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_base.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_base.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import numpy
-
 from ..fdmath import functional as fd_functional
 from ..fdtd import base
 from ._test_builders import real_ramp
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_boundaries.py b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_boundaries.py
index d7ba186..d60ca7a 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_boundaries.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_boundaries.py
@@ -58,5 +58,5 @@ def test_conducting_boundary_updates_expected_faces(direction: int, polarity: in
     [(-1, 1), (3, 1), (0, 0)],
 )
 def test_conducting_boundary_rejects_invalid_arguments(direction: int, polarity: int) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Invalid direction|Bad polarity'):
         conducting_boundary(direction, polarity)
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_misc.py b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_misc.py
index 65dc713..3688c6c 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_misc.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_misc.py
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ def test_gaussian_packet_accepts_array_input(one_sided: bool) -> None:
     source, delay = gaussian_packet(1.55, 0.1, dt, one_sided=one_sided)
     steps = numpy.array([0, int(numpy.ceil(delay / dt)) + 5])
     envelope, cc, ss = source(steps)
+    assert isinstance(envelope, numpy.ndarray)
+    assert isinstance(cc, numpy.ndarray)
+    assert isinstance(ss, numpy.ndarray)
 
     assert envelope.shape == (2,)
     assert numpy.isfinite(envelope).all()
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_phasor.py b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_phasor.py
index 7e1126b..9d28ee3 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_phasor.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_phasor.py
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ def _real_pulse_case() -> RealPulseCase:
 
     source_phasor, _delay = gaussian_packet(wl=wavelength, dwl=1.0, dt=dt, turn_on=1e-5)
     aa, cc, ss = source_phasor(numpy.arange(total_steps) + 0.5)
-    waveform = aa * (cc + 1j * ss)
+    waveform = numpy.asarray(aa * (cc + 1j * ss), dtype=complex)
     scale = fdtd.real_injection_scale(waveform, omega, dt, offset_steps=0.5)[0]
 
     j_accumulator = numpy.zeros((1, *full_shape), dtype=complex)
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py
index 06c2588..319260f 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_fdtd_pml.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Any
+
 import numpy
 import pytest
 
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ from .utils import assert_close
     [(3, 1, 4, 1.0), (0, 0, 4, 1.0), (0, 1, 2, 1.0), (0, 1, 4, 0.0)],
 )
 def test_cpml_params_reject_invalid_arguments(axis: int, polarity: int, thickness: int, epsilon_eff: float) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Invalid axis|Invalid polarity|wise to have a pml|epsilon_eff must be positive'):
         cpml_params(axis=axis, polarity=polarity, dt=0.1, thickness=thickness, epsilon_eff=epsilon_eff)
 
 
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ def test_updates_with_cpml_keeps_zero_fields_zero() -> None:
     e = numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=float)
     h = numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=float)
     dxes = [[numpy.ones(4), numpy.ones(4), numpy.ones(4)] for _ in range(2)]
-    params = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
+    params: list[list[dict[str, Any] | None]] = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
     params[0][0] = cpml_params(axis=0, polarity=-1, dt=0.1, thickness=3)
 
     update_e, update_h = updates_with_cpml(params, dt=0.1, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon)
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ def test_updates_with_cpml_matches_base_updates_when_all_faces_disabled() -> Non
     e = _real_field(shape, 10.0)
     h = _real_field(shape, 100.0)
     dxes = _unit_dxes(shape)
-    params = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
+    params: list[list[dict[str, Any] | None]] = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
 
     update_e_cpml, update_h_cpml = updates_with_cpml(params, dt=0.1, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon)
     update_e_base = maxwell_e(dt=0.1, dxes=dxes)
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ def test_updates_with_cpml_matches_base_updates_with_complex_dtype_when_all_face
     e = _complex_field(shape, 10.0)
     h = _complex_field(shape, 100.0)
     dxes = _unit_dxes(shape)
-    params = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
+    params: list[list[dict[str, Any] | None]] = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
 
     update_e_cpml, update_h_cpml = updates_with_cpml(params, dt=0.1, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon, dtype=complex)
     update_e_base = maxwell_e(dt=0.1, dxes=dxes)
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ def test_updates_with_cpml_only_changes_the_configured_face_region() -> None:
     dxes = _unit_dxes(shape)
     thickness = 3
 
-    params = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
+    params: list[list[dict[str, Any] | None]] = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
     params[0][0] = cpml_params(axis=0, polarity=-1, dt=0.1, thickness=thickness)
 
     update_e_cpml, update_h_cpml = updates_with_cpml(params, dt=0.1, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon)
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ def test_cpml_plane_wave_phasor_decays_monotonically_through_outgoing_pml() -> N
 
     epsilon = numpy.ones(shape, dtype=float)
     dxes = _unit_dxes(shape)
-    params = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
+    params: list[list[dict[str, Any] | None]] = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
     for polarity_index, polarity in enumerate((-1, 1)):
         params[0][polarity_index] = cpml_params(axis=0, polarity=polarity, dt=dt, thickness=thickness)
 
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ def test_cpml_point_source_total_energy_reaches_late_time_plateau() -> None:
 
     epsilon = numpy.ones(shape, dtype=float)
     dxes = _unit_dxes(shape)
-    params = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
+    params: list[list[dict[str, Any] | None]] = [[None, None] for _ in range(3)]
     for axis in range(3):
         for polarity_index, polarity in enumerate((-1, 1)):
             params[axis][polarity_index] = cpml_params(axis=axis, polarity=polarity, dt=dt, thickness=thickness)
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py b/meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py
index 75005d0..e332d1b 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_import_fallbacks.py
@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
 import builtins
 import importlib
 import pathlib
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import Any
 
+import pytest
 import meanas
 from ..fdfd import bloch
-from .utils import assert_close
 
 
-def _reload(module):
+def _reload(module: ModuleType) -> ModuleType:
     return importlib.reload(module)
 
 
-def _restore_reloaded(monkeypatch, module):
+def _restore_reloaded(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, module: ModuleType) -> ModuleType:
     monkeypatch.undo()
     return _reload(module)
 
 
-def test_meanas_import_survives_readme_open_failure(monkeypatch) -> None:  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+def test_meanas_import_survives_readme_open_failure(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     expected_version = meanas.__version__
     original_open = pathlib.Path.open
 
-    def failing_open(self: pathlib.Path, *args, **kwargs):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    def failing_open(self: pathlib.Path, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
         if self.name == 'README.md':
             raise FileNotFoundError('forced README failure')
         return original_open(self, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -35,10 +37,16 @@ def test_meanas_import_survives_readme_open_failure(monkeypatch) -> None:  # typ
     _restore_reloaded(monkeypatch, meanas)
 
 
-def test_bloch_reloads_with_numpy_fft_when_pyfftw_is_unavailable(monkeypatch) -> None:  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+def test_bloch_reloads_with_numpy_fft_when_pyfftw_is_unavailable(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     original_import = builtins.__import__
 
-    def fake_import(name: str, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level: int = 0):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    def fake_import(
+            name: str,
+            globals: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+            locals: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+            fromlist: tuple[str, ...] = (),
+            level: int = 0,
+            ) -> Any:
         if name.startswith('pyfftw'):
             raise ImportError('forced pyfftw failure')
         return original_import(name, globals, locals, fromlist, level)
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
index ae2078d..9d42bf5 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ def _build_cpml_params() -> list[list[dict[str, numpy.ndarray | float]]]:
 def _build_complex_pulse_waveform(total_steps: int) -> tuple[numpy.ndarray, complex]:
     source_phasor, _delay = gaussian_packet(wl=WAVELENGTH, dwl=PULSE_DWL, dt=DT, turn_on=1e-5)
     aa, cc, ss = source_phasor(numpy.arange(total_steps) + 0.5)
-    waveform = aa * (cc + 1j * ss)
+    waveform = numpy.asarray(aa * (cc + 1j * ss), dtype=complex)
     scale = fdtd.temporal_phasor_scale(waveform, OMEGA, DT, offset_steps=0.5)[0]
     return waveform, scale
 
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ def _run_real_field_straight_waveguide_case() -> RealFieldWaveguideResult:
         slices=REAL_FIELD_SOURCE_SLICES,
         epsilon=epsilon,
     )
-    j_mode *= numpy.exp(1j * REAL_FIELD_SOURCE_PHASE)
+    j_mode = j_mode * numpy.exp(1j * REAL_FIELD_SOURCE_PHASE)
     monitor_mode = waveguide_3d.solve_mode(
         0,
         omega=OMEGA,
@@ -425,8 +425,8 @@ def _run_straight_waveguide_case(variant: str) -> WaveguideCalibrationResult:
     )
     h_fdfd = functional.e2h(OMEGA, stretched_dxes)(e_fdfd)
 
-    overlap_td = vec(e_ph) @ vec(overlap_e).conj()
-    overlap_fd = vec(e_fdfd) @ vec(overlap_e).conj()
+    overlap_td = complex(vec(e_ph) @ vec(overlap_e).conj())
+    overlap_fd = complex(vec(e_fdfd) @ vec(overlap_e).conj())
 
     poynting_td = functional.poynting_e_cross_h(stretched_dxes)(e_ph, h_ph.conj())
     poynting_fd = functional.poynting_e_cross_h(stretched_dxes)(e_fdfd, h_fdfd.conj())
@@ -551,10 +551,10 @@ def _run_width_step_scattering_case() -> WaveguideScatteringResult:
     )
     h_fdfd = functional.e2h(OMEGA, stretched_dxes)(e_fdfd)
 
-    reflected_td = vec(e_ph) @ vec(reflected_overlap).conj()
-    reflected_fd = vec(e_fdfd) @ vec(reflected_overlap).conj()
-    transmitted_td = vec(e_ph) @ vec(transmitted_overlap).conj()
-    transmitted_fd = vec(e_fdfd) @ vec(transmitted_overlap).conj()
+    reflected_td = complex(vec(e_ph) @ vec(reflected_overlap).conj())
+    reflected_fd = complex(vec(e_fdfd) @ vec(reflected_overlap).conj())
+    transmitted_td = complex(vec(e_ph) @ vec(transmitted_overlap).conj())
+    transmitted_fd = complex(vec(e_fdfd) @ vec(transmitted_overlap).conj())
 
     poynting_td = functional.poynting_e_cross_h(stretched_dxes)(e_ph, h_ph.conj())
     poynting_fd = functional.poynting_e_cross_h(stretched_dxes)(e_fdfd, h_fdfd.conj())
@@ -664,8 +664,8 @@ def _run_pulsed_straight_waveguide_case() -> PulsedWaveguideCalibrationResult:
     )
     h_fdfd = functional.e2h(OMEGA, stretched_dxes)(e_fdfd)
 
-    overlap_td = vec(e_ph) @ vec(overlap_e).conj()
-    overlap_fd = vec(e_fdfd) @ vec(overlap_e).conj()
+    overlap_td = complex(vec(e_ph) @ vec(overlap_e).conj())
+    overlap_fd = complex(vec(e_fdfd) @ vec(overlap_e).conj())
 
     poynting_td = functional.poynting_e_cross_h(stretched_dxes)(e_ph, h_ph.conj())
     poynting_fd = functional.poynting_e_cross_h(stretched_dxes)(e_fdfd, h_fdfd.conj())
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
index d5d3abf..ca2d917 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def build_waveguide_3d_mode(
         *,
         slice_start: int,
         polarity: int,
-        ) -> tuple[numpy.ndarray, list[list[numpy.ndarray]], tuple[slice, slice, slice], dict[str, complex | numpy.ndarray]]:
+        ) -> tuple[numpy.ndarray, list[list[numpy.ndarray]], tuple[slice, slice, slice], waveguide_3d.Waveguide3DMode]:
     epsilon = numpy.ones((3, 5, 5, 1), dtype=float)
     dxes = [[numpy.ones(5), numpy.ones(5), numpy.ones(1)] for _ in range(2)]
     slices = (slice(slice_start, slice_start + 1), slice(None), slice(None))
diff --git a/meanas/test/utils.py b/meanas/test/utils.py
index 3bafd49..62afaf0 100644
--- a/meanas/test/utils.py
+++ b/meanas/test/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import numpy
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
+from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
 
 
 def make_prng(seed: int = 12345) -> numpy.random.RandomState:
@@ -24,9 +25,9 @@ def assert_fields_close(
         )
 
 def assert_close(
-        x: NDArray,
-        y: NDArray,
+        x: ArrayLike,
+        y: ArrayLike,
         *args,
         **kwargs,
         ) -> None:
-    numpy.testing.assert_allclose(x, y, *args, **kwargs)
+    numpy.testing.assert_allclose(numpy.asarray(x), numpy.asarray(y), *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 55fcac1..7f1d6b4 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -104,6 +104,9 @@ lint.ignore = [
     "TRY002",   # Exception()
     ]
 
+[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+"meanas/test/**/*.py" = ["ANN", "ARG", "TC006"]
+
 
 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = [

From a1568a6f16c6f3d0e3968e361cb5a5d280ac94ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 21:20:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 5/9] ignore some lint

---
 meanas/fdfd/bloch.py                       |  8 ++++----
 meanas/fdfd/farfield.py                    | 12 ++++++------
 meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py                | 12 ++++++++----
 meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py               |  6 ++++--
 meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py    |  8 ++++----
 meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py |  8 ++++----
 6 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/bloch.py b/meanas/fdfd/bloch.py
index df04999..1e15c3a 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/bloch.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/bloch.py
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ def maxwell_operator(
         else:
             # transform from mn to xyz
             b_xyz = (m * b_m
-                   + n * b_n)    # noqa: E128
+                   + n * b_n)    # noqa
 
             # divide by mu
             temp = ifftn(b_xyz, axes=range(3))
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ def inverse_maxwell_operator_approx(
         else:
             # transform from mn to xyz
             h_xyz = (m * hin_m
-                   + n * hin_n)  # noqa: E128
+                   + n * hin_n)  # noqa
 
             # multiply by mu
             temp = ifftn(h_xyz, axes=range(3))
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ def find_k(
         `(k, actual_frequency, eigenvalues, eigenvectors)`
         The found k-vector and its frequency, along with all eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
     """
-    direction = numpy.array(direction) / norm(direction)
+    direction = numpy.array(direction) / norm(direction)  # type: ignore[operator]
 
     k_bounds = tuple(sorted(k_bounds))    # type: ignore    # we know the length already...
     assert len(k_bounds) == 2
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ def find_k(
     assert n is not None
     assert v is not None
     actual_frequency = get_f(float(res.x), band)
-    return direction * float(res.x), float(actual_frequency), n, v
+    return direction * float(res.x), float(actual_frequency), n, v  # type: ignore[operator,return-value]
 
 
 def eigsolve(
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/farfield.py b/meanas/fdfd/farfield.py
index 00e6989..06f705b 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/farfield.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/farfield.py
@@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ def near_to_farfield(
 
     # Normalized vector potentials N, L
     N = [-Hn_fft[1] * cos_phi * cos_th + Hn_fft[0] * cos_phi * sin_th,
-          Hn_fft[1] * sin_th + Hn_fft[0] * cos_th]                      # noqa: E127
+          Hn_fft[1] * sin_th + Hn_fft[0] * cos_th]                      # noqa
     L = [ En_fft[1] * cos_phi * cos_th - En_fft[0] * cos_phi * sin_th,
-         -En_fft[1] * sin_th - En_fft[0] * cos_th]                      # noqa: E128
+         -En_fft[1] * sin_th - En_fft[0] * cos_th]                      # noqa
 
     E_far = [-L[1] - N[0],
-              L[0] - N[1]]      # noqa: E127
+              L[0] - N[1]]      # noqa
     H_far = [-E_far[1],
-              E_far[0]]         # noqa: E127
+              E_far[0]]         # noqa
 
     theta = numpy.arctan2(ky, kx)
     phi = numpy.arccos(cos_phi)
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ def far_to_nearfield(
 
     # Normalized vector potentials N, L
     L = [0.5 * E_far[1],
-        -0.5 * E_far[0]]    # noqa: E128
+        -0.5 * E_far[0]]    # noqa
     N = [L[1],
-        -L[0]]  # noqa: E128
+        -L[0]]  # noqa
 
     En_fft = [
         numpy.divide(
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
index fa2fe76..aab7944 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
@@ -373,8 +373,10 @@ def normalized_fields_e(
     """
     e = exy2e(wavenumber=wavenumber, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon) @ e_xy
     h = exy2h(wavenumber=wavenumber, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon, mu=mu) @ e_xy
-    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon,
-                                        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase)
+    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(    # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon,
+        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase,
+    )
     return e_norm, h_norm
 
 
@@ -415,8 +417,10 @@ def normalized_fields_h(
     """
     e = hxy2e(wavenumber=wavenumber, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon, mu=mu) @ h_xy
     h = hxy2h(wavenumber=wavenumber, dxes=dxes, mu=mu) @ h_xy
-    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon,
-                                        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase)
+    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(    # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon,
+        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase,
+    )
     return e_norm, h_norm
 
 
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
index e4e2666..d63accb 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
@@ -529,8 +529,10 @@ def normalized_fields_e(
     """
     e = exy2e(angular_wavenumber=angular_wavenumber, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, rmin=rmin, epsilon=epsilon) @ e_xy
     h = exy2h(angular_wavenumber=angular_wavenumber, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, rmin=rmin, epsilon=epsilon, mu=mu) @ e_xy
-    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, rmin=rmin, epsilon=epsilon,
-                                        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase)
+    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(    # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, rmin=rmin, epsilon=epsilon,
+        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase,
+    )
     return e_norm, h_norm
 
 
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
index 9d42bf5..ad9a4e6 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ def _run_straight_waveguide_case(variant: str) -> WaveguideCalibrationResult:
         axis=0,
         polarity=1,
         slices=MONITOR_SLICES,
-        omega=OMEGA,
+        omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
     )
 
     update_e, update_h = fdtd.updates_with_cpml(cpml_params=_build_cpml_params(), dt=DT, dxes=base_dxes, epsilon=epsilon)
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ def _run_width_step_scattering_case() -> WaveguideScatteringResult:
         axis=0,
         polarity=-1,
         slices=SCATTERING_REFLECT_SLICES,
-        omega=OMEGA,
+        omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
     )
     transmitted_mode = waveguide_3d.solve_mode(
         0,
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ def _run_width_step_scattering_case() -> WaveguideScatteringResult:
         axis=0,
         polarity=1,
         slices=SCATTERING_TRANSMIT_SLICES,
-        omega=OMEGA,
+        omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
     )
 
     update_e, update_h = fdtd.updates_with_cpml(cpml_params=_build_cpml_params(), dt=DT, dxes=base_dxes, epsilon=epsilon)
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ def _run_pulsed_straight_waveguide_case() -> PulsedWaveguideCalibrationResult:
         axis=0,
         polarity=1,
         slices=MONITOR_SLICES,
-        omega=OMEGA,
+        omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
     )
 
     update_e, update_h = fdtd.updates_with_cpml(cpml_params=_build_cpml_params(), dt=DT, dxes=base_dxes, epsilon=epsilon, dtype=complex)
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
index ca2d917..162c634 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def test_waveguide_3d_compute_overlap_e_uses_adjacent_window(
             axis=0,
             polarity=polarity,
             slices=slices,
-            omega=OMEGA,
+            omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
             )
 
     nonzero = numpy.argwhere(numpy.abs(overlap) > 0)
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def test_waveguide_3d_compute_overlap_e_warns_when_window_is_clipped(
             axis=0,
             polarity=polarity,
             slices=slices,
-            omega=OMEGA,
+            omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
             )
 
     nonzero = numpy.argwhere(numpy.abs(overlap) > 0)
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def test_waveguide_3d_compute_overlap_e_rejects_empty_overlap_window(
             axis=0,
             polarity=polarity,
             slices=slices,
-            omega=OMEGA,
+            omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
             )
 
 
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def test_waveguide_3d_compute_overlap_e_rejects_zero_support_window() -> None:
             axis=0,
             polarity=1,
             slices=slices,
-            omega=OMEGA,
+            omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
             )
 
 

From 35fc67faa3cbc9892abfbbe2a4e9f53bcfa53f77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 21:08:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 6/9] [compute_overlap_e] remove omega arg (unused)

---
 examples/waveguide.py                      | 2 +-
 meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py                | 1 -
 meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py    | 4 ----
 meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py | 4 ----
 4 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/waveguide.py b/examples/waveguide.py
index 7becd59..f243924 100644
--- a/examples/waveguide.py
+++ b/examples/waveguide.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def get_waveguide_mode(
 
     # compute_overlap_e() returns the normalized upstream overlap window used to
     # project another field onto this same guided mode.
-    e_overlap = waveguide_3d.compute_overlap_e(E=wg_results['E'], wavenumber=wg_results['wavenumber'], **wg_args, omega=omega)
+    e_overlap = waveguide_3d.compute_overlap_e(E=wg_results['E'], wavenumber=wg_results['wavenumber'], **wg_args)
     return J, e_overlap
 
 
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py
index 01db9b1..c77c8d4 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_3d.py
@@ -196,7 +196,6 @@ def compute_overlap_e(
         axis: int,
         polarity: int,
         slices: Sequence[slice],
-        _omega: float,
         ) -> cfdfield_t:
     r"""
     Build an overlap field for projecting another 3D electric field onto a mode.
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
index ad9a4e6..0488197 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_fdtd_fdfd.py
@@ -380,7 +380,6 @@ def _run_straight_waveguide_case(variant: str) -> WaveguideCalibrationResult:
         axis=0,
         polarity=1,
         slices=MONITOR_SLICES,
-        omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
     )
 
     update_e, update_h = fdtd.updates_with_cpml(cpml_params=_build_cpml_params(), dt=DT, dxes=base_dxes, epsilon=epsilon)
@@ -488,7 +487,6 @@ def _run_width_step_scattering_case() -> WaveguideScatteringResult:
         axis=0,
         polarity=-1,
         slices=SCATTERING_REFLECT_SLICES,
-        omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
     )
     transmitted_mode = waveguide_3d.solve_mode(
         0,
@@ -506,7 +504,6 @@ def _run_width_step_scattering_case() -> WaveguideScatteringResult:
         axis=0,
         polarity=1,
         slices=SCATTERING_TRANSMIT_SLICES,
-        omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
     )
 
     update_e, update_h = fdtd.updates_with_cpml(cpml_params=_build_cpml_params(), dt=DT, dxes=base_dxes, epsilon=epsilon)
@@ -621,7 +618,6 @@ def _run_pulsed_straight_waveguide_case() -> PulsedWaveguideCalibrationResult:
         axis=0,
         polarity=1,
         slices=MONITOR_SLICES,
-        omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
     )
 
     update_e, update_h = fdtd.updates_with_cpml(cpml_params=_build_cpml_params(), dt=DT, dxes=base_dxes, epsilon=epsilon, dtype=complex)
diff --git a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
index 162c634..d3ec7cd 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_waveguide_mode_helpers.py
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ def test_waveguide_3d_compute_overlap_e_uses_adjacent_window(
             axis=0,
             polarity=polarity,
             slices=slices,
-            omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
             )
 
     nonzero = numpy.argwhere(numpy.abs(overlap) > 0)
@@ -130,7 +129,6 @@ def test_waveguide_3d_compute_overlap_e_warns_when_window_is_clipped(
             axis=0,
             polarity=polarity,
             slices=slices,
-            omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
             )
 
     nonzero = numpy.argwhere(numpy.abs(overlap) > 0)
@@ -158,7 +156,6 @@ def test_waveguide_3d_compute_overlap_e_rejects_empty_overlap_window(
             axis=0,
             polarity=polarity,
             slices=slices,
-            omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
             )
 
 
@@ -173,7 +170,6 @@ def test_waveguide_3d_compute_overlap_e_rejects_zero_support_window() -> None:
             axis=0,
             polarity=1,
             slices=slices,
-            omega=OMEGA,  # type: ignore[call-arg]
             )
 
 

From 061c3f2e907b140b7226ea6aec3231294fbbb7ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 21:09:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 7/9] [_normalized_fields] remove unused args

---
 meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py  | 12 ++++--------
 meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py |  8 ++------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
index aab7944..e67160e 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_2d.py
@@ -373,9 +373,8 @@ def normalized_fields_e(
     """
     e = exy2e(wavenumber=wavenumber, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon) @ e_xy
     h = exy2h(wavenumber=wavenumber, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon, mu=mu) @ e_xy
-    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(    # type: ignore[call-arg]
-        e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon,
-        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase,
+    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(
+        e=e, h=h, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon, prop_phase=prop_phase,
     )
     return e_norm, h_norm
 
@@ -417,9 +416,8 @@ def normalized_fields_h(
     """
     e = hxy2e(wavenumber=wavenumber, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon, mu=mu) @ h_xy
     h = hxy2h(wavenumber=wavenumber, dxes=dxes, mu=mu) @ h_xy
-    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(    # type: ignore[call-arg]
-        e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon,
-        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase,
+    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(
+        e=e, h=h, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon, prop_phase=prop_phase,
     )
     return e_norm, h_norm
 
@@ -427,10 +425,8 @@ def normalized_fields_h(
 def _normalized_fields(
         e: vcfdslice,
         h: vcfdslice,
-        _omega: complex,
         dxes: dx_lists2_t,
         epsilon: vfdslice,
-        _mu: vfdslice | None = None,
         prop_phase: float = 0,
         ) -> tuple[vcfdslice_t, vcfdslice_t]:
     r"""
diff --git a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
index d63accb..f2cb5c3 100644
--- a/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
+++ b/meanas/fdfd/waveguide_cyl.py
@@ -529,9 +529,8 @@ def normalized_fields_e(
     """
     e = exy2e(angular_wavenumber=angular_wavenumber, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, rmin=rmin, epsilon=epsilon) @ e_xy
     h = exy2h(angular_wavenumber=angular_wavenumber, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, rmin=rmin, epsilon=epsilon, mu=mu) @ e_xy
-    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(    # type: ignore[call-arg]
-        e=e, h=h, omega=omega, dxes=dxes, rmin=rmin, epsilon=epsilon,
-        mu=mu, prop_phase=prop_phase,
+    e_norm, h_norm = _normalized_fields(
+        e=e, h=h, dxes=dxes, epsilon=epsilon, prop_phase=prop_phase,
     )
     return e_norm, h_norm
 
@@ -539,11 +538,8 @@ def normalized_fields_e(
 def _normalized_fields(
         e: vcfdslice,
         h: vcfdslice,
-        _omega: complex,
         dxes: dx_lists2_t,
-        _rmin: float,        # Currently unused, but may want to use cylindrical poynting
         epsilon: vfdslice,
-        _mu: vfdslice | None = None,
         prop_phase: float = 0,
         ) -> tuple[vcfdslice_t, vcfdslice_t]:
     r"""

From 39291a8314d65a6abeef68a8939931390f2af7c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 21:10:18 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 8/9] [eme] add analytic tests

---
 meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py | 248 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 248 insertions(+)

diff --git a/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py b/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
index 2949e4c..3237c1b 100644
--- a/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
+++ b/meanas/test/test_eme_numerics.py
@@ -218,6 +218,81 @@ def _build_bend_mode() -> tuple[tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray], complex]:
     return (e_field, h_field), linear_wavenumber
 
 
+def _build_uniform_mode(index: float) -> tuple[tuple[numpy.ndarray, numpy.ndarray], complex]:
+    area = 25.0
+    e_field = numpy.zeros((3, 5, 5), dtype=complex)
+    h_field = numpy.zeros((3, 5, 5), dtype=complex)
+    e_field[0] = numpy.sqrt(2.0 / (index * area))
+    h_field[1] = numpy.sqrt(2.0 * index / area)
+    return (vec(e_field), vec(h_field)), complex(index * OMEGA)
+
+
+def _interface_s(n_left: float, n_right: float) -> numpy.ndarray:
+    left_mode, left_beta = _build_uniform_mode(n_left)
+    right_mode, right_beta = _build_uniform_mode(n_right)
+    return eme.get_s([left_mode], [left_beta], [right_mode], [right_beta], dxes=REAL_DXES)
+
+
+def _interface_abcd(n_left: float, n_right: float) -> numpy.ndarray:
+    left_mode, left_beta = _build_uniform_mode(n_left)
+    right_mode, right_beta = _build_uniform_mode(n_right)
+    return eme.get_abcd([left_mode], [left_beta], [right_mode], [right_beta], dxes=REAL_DXES).toarray()
+
+
+def _expected_interface_s(n_left: float, n_right: float) -> numpy.ndarray:
+    reflection = (n_left - n_right) / (n_left + n_right)
+    transmission = 2 * numpy.sqrt(n_left * n_right) / (n_left + n_right)
+    return numpy.array(
+        [
+            [reflection, transmission],
+            [transmission, -reflection],
+        ],
+        dtype=complex,
+    )
+
+
+def _propagation_abcd(beta: complex, length: float) -> numpy.ndarray:
+    phase = numpy.exp(-1j * beta * length)
+    return numpy.array(
+        [
+            [phase, 0.0],
+            [0.0, phase ** -1],
+        ],
+        dtype=complex,
+    )
+
+
+def _abcd_to_s(abcd: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
+    aa = abcd[0, 0]
+    bb = abcd[0, 1]
+    cc = abcd[1, 0]
+    dd = abcd[1, 1]
+    t21 = 1.0 / dd
+    r21 = bb / dd
+    r12 = -cc / dd
+    t12 = aa - bb * cc / dd
+    return numpy.array(
+        [
+            [r12, t12],
+            [t21, r21],
+        ],
+        dtype=complex,
+    )
+
+
+def _expected_bragg_reflector_s(n_low: float, n_high: float, periods: int) -> numpy.ndarray:
+    ratio = n_high / n_low
+    reflection = (1 - ratio ** (2 * periods)) / (1 + ratio ** (2 * periods))
+    transmission = ((-1) ** periods) * 2 * ratio ** periods / (1 + ratio ** (2 * periods))
+    return numpy.array(
+        [
+            [reflection, transmission],
+            [transmission, -reflection],
+        ],
+        dtype=complex,
+    )
+
+
 def test_get_s_is_near_identity_for_identical_solved_straight_modes() -> None:
     mode, wavenumber, _epsilon = _build_straight_mode()
 
@@ -241,3 +316,176 @@ def test_get_s_returns_finite_passive_output_for_small_straight_to_bend_fixture(
     assert ss.shape == (2, 2)
     assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
     assert numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10
+
+
+def test_get_s_matches_analytic_fresnel_interface_for_uniform_one_mode_ports() -> None:
+    """
+    For power-normalized one-mode ports at normal incidence, the interface matrix is
+
+        r12 = (n_left - n_right) / (n_left + n_right)
+        r21 = -r12
+        t12 = t21 = 2 * sqrt(n_left * n_right) / (n_left + n_right)
+
+    so
+
+        S = [[r12, t12], [t21, r21]].
+    """
+    ss = _interface_s(1.0, 2.0)
+    expected = _expected_interface_s(1.0, 2.0)
+
+    assert ss.shape == (2, 2)
+    assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
+    assert_close(ss, expected, atol=1e-6, rtol=1e-6)
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10
+
+
+def test_quarter_wave_matching_layer_is_nearly_reflectionless_at_design_frequency() -> None:
+    """
+    A single quarter-wave matching layer with
+
+        n1 = sqrt(n0 * n2),  beta1 * L = pi / 2
+
+    cancels the two interface reflections at the design wavelength, so the
+    normal-incidence stack should satisfy `r = 0` and `|t| = 1`.
+    """
+    n0 = 1.0
+    n1 = numpy.sqrt(2.0)
+    n2 = 2.0
+    interface_01 = _interface_abcd(n0, n1)
+    interface_12 = _interface_abcd(n1, n2)
+    _mode_1, beta_1 = _build_uniform_mode(float(n1))
+    quarter_wave_length = numpy.pi / (2 * numpy.real(beta_1))
+
+    stack_abcd = interface_01 @ _propagation_abcd(beta_1, quarter_wave_length) @ interface_12
+    ss = _abcd_to_s(stack_abcd)
+
+    assert ss.shape == (2, 2)
+    assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
+    assert abs(ss[0, 0]) < 1e-12
+    assert abs(ss[1, 1]) < 1e-12
+    assert abs(abs(ss[0, 1]) - 1.0) < 1e-12
+    assert abs(abs(ss[1, 0]) - 1.0) < 1e-12
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10
+
+
+def test_quarter_wave_ar_layer_reduces_reflection_relative_to_abrupt_interface() -> None:
+    """
+    Compare the abrupt interface `n0 -> n2` against the quarter-wave matching-layer
+    stack `n0 -> sqrt(n0 n2) -> n2` at the same design wavelength.
+
+    For the canonical `n0 = 1`, `n2 = 2` case, the abrupt interface has
+
+        |r_abrupt| = |(n0 - n2) / (n0 + n2)| = 1 / 3,
+
+    while the quarter-wave matching layer should cancel the interface reflections
+    so that `|r_ar|` is essentially zero and `|t_ar|` is correspondingly larger.
+    """
+    n0 = 1.0
+    n2 = 2.0
+    abrupt = _interface_s(n0, n2)
+
+    n1 = numpy.sqrt(n0 * n2)
+    interface_01 = _interface_abcd(n0, n1)
+    interface_12 = _interface_abcd(n1, n2)
+    _mode_1, beta_1 = _build_uniform_mode(float(n1))
+    quarter_wave_length = numpy.pi / (2 * numpy.real(beta_1))
+    ar_stack = _abcd_to_s(interface_01 @ _propagation_abcd(beta_1, quarter_wave_length) @ interface_12)
+
+    abrupt_reflection = abs(abrupt[0, 0])
+    abrupt_transmission = abs(abrupt[1, 0])
+    ar_reflection = abs(ar_stack[0, 0])
+    ar_transmission = abs(ar_stack[1, 0])
+
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(abrupt, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(ar_stack, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10
+    assert ar_reflection < abrupt_reflection
+    assert ar_transmission > abrupt_transmission
+    assert ar_reflection < 1e-12
+    assert abs(abrupt_reflection - (1.0 / 3.0)) < 1e-12
+
+
+def test_half_wave_uniform_slab_restores_unit_transmission_between_matched_media() -> None:
+    """
+    For matched exterior media `n0 = n2`, a half-wave slab with
+
+        beta1 * L = pi
+
+    contributes only a global phase, so the stack returns to `r = 0` and
+    `|t| = 1` at the design wavelength.
+    """
+    n0 = 1.0
+    n1 = 2.0
+    interface_01 = _interface_abcd(n0, n1)
+    interface_10 = _interface_abcd(n1, n0)
+    _mode_1, beta_1 = _build_uniform_mode(n1)
+    half_wave_length = numpy.pi / numpy.real(beta_1)
+
+    stack_abcd = interface_01 @ _propagation_abcd(beta_1, half_wave_length) @ interface_10
+    ss = _abcd_to_s(stack_abcd)
+
+    assert ss.shape == (2, 2)
+    assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
+    assert abs(ss[0, 0]) < 1e-12
+    assert abs(ss[1, 1]) < 1e-12
+    assert abs(abs(ss[0, 1]) - 1.0) < 1e-12
+    assert abs(abs(ss[1, 0]) - 1.0) < 1e-12
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10
+
+
+def test_strong_uniform_index_mismatch_behaves_like_near_termination() -> None:
+    """
+    In the large-index-ratio limit, the same Fresnel formulas approach a hard-wall
+    reflector:
+
+        |r| -> 1,  |t| -> 0  as  n_right / n_left -> infinity.
+    """
+    ss = _interface_s(1.0, 100.0)
+    expected = _expected_interface_s(1.0, 100.0)
+
+    assert ss.shape == (2, 2)
+    assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
+    assert_close(ss, expected, atol=1e-6, rtol=1e-6)
+    assert abs(ss[0, 0]) > 0.9
+    assert abs(ss[1, 0]) < 0.25
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10
+
+
+def test_quarter_wave_bragg_reflector_matches_closed_form_stopband_response() -> None:
+    """
+    For `N` quarter-wave high/low periods at the Bragg wavelength with identical
+    low-index incident and exit media (`n0 = ns = n_low`),
+
+        M_pair = diag(-(n_low / n_high), -(n_high / n_low))
+        M_stack = M_pair ** N
+
+    which yields the closed-form scattering amplitudes
+
+        r = (1 - (n_high / n_low) ** (2N)) / (1 + (n_high / n_low) ** (2N))
+        t = 2 * (n_high / n_low) ** N / (1 + (n_high / n_low) ** (2N)).
+
+    The reflector should therefore sit deep in the stopband with `|r|` near 1 and
+    `|t|` correspondingly small.
+    """
+    n_low = 1.0
+    n_high = 2.0
+    periods = 5
+    interface_lh = _interface_abcd(n_low, n_high)
+    interface_hl = _interface_abcd(n_high, n_low)
+    _mode_h, beta_h = _build_uniform_mode(n_high)
+    _mode_l, beta_l = _build_uniform_mode(n_low)
+    quarter_wave_high = numpy.pi / (2 * numpy.real(beta_h))
+    quarter_wave_low = numpy.pi / (2 * numpy.real(beta_l))
+
+    stack_abcd = numpy.eye(2, dtype=complex)
+    for _ in range(periods):
+        stack_abcd = stack_abcd @ interface_lh @ _propagation_abcd(beta_h, quarter_wave_high)
+        stack_abcd = stack_abcd @ interface_hl @ _propagation_abcd(beta_l, quarter_wave_low)
+    ss = _abcd_to_s(stack_abcd)
+    expected = _expected_bragg_reflector_s(n_low, n_high, periods)
+
+    assert ss.shape == (2, 2)
+    assert numpy.isfinite(ss).all()
+    assert_close(ss, expected, atol=1e-12, rtol=1e-12)
+    assert abs(ss[0, 0]) > 0.99
+    assert abs(ss[1, 0]) < 0.1
+    assert numpy.linalg.svd(ss, compute_uv=False).max() <= 1.0 + 1e-10

From bf99f35f9b0e9ce1632eec2efe13581ebff2b983 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forgejo Actions <forgejo-actions@localhost>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 21:11:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 9/9] bump version to v0.12

---
 meanas/__init__.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/meanas/__init__.py b/meanas/__init__.py
index 5ea8d42..9d1b401 100644
--- a/meanas/__init__.py
+++ b/meanas/__init__.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ toolbox overview and API derivations.
 
 import pathlib
 
-__version__ = '0.11'
+__version__ = '0.12'
 __author__ = 'Jan Petykiewicz'