diff --git a/examples/test_rep.py b/examples/test_rep.py
index e4dbe28..dbc6d72 100644
--- a/examples/test_rep.py
+++ b/examples/test_rep.py
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ def main():
     cell_name = 'ellip_grating'
     pat = masque.Pattern()
     for rmin in numpy.arange(10, 15, 0.5):
-        pat.shapes.append(Arc(
+        layer = (0, 0)
+        pat.shapes[layer].append(Arc(
             radii=(rmin, rmin),
             width=0.1,
             angles=(0 * -pi/4, pi/4),
@@ -35,27 +36,27 @@ def main():
     print(f'\nAdded a copy of {cell_name} as {new_name}')
 
     pat3 = Pattern()
-    pat3.refs = [
-        Ref(cell_name, offset=(1e5, 3e5), annotations={'4': ['Hello I am the base Ref']}),
-        Ref(cell_name, offset=(2e5, 3e5), rotation=pi/3),
-        Ref(cell_name, offset=(3e5, 3e5), rotation=pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, offset=(4e5, 3e5), rotation=pi),
-        Ref(cell_name, offset=(5e5, 3e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(1e5, 4e5)),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(2e5, 4e5), rotation=pi/3),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(3e5, 4e5), rotation=pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(4e5, 4e5), rotation=pi),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(5e5, 4e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(1e5, 5e5)),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(2e5, 5e5), rotation=pi/3),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(3e5, 5e5), rotation=pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(4e5, 5e5), rotation=pi),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(5e5, 5e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(1e5, 6e5)),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(2e5, 6e5), rotation=pi/3),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(3e5, 6e5), rotation=pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(4e5, 6e5), rotation=pi),
-        Ref(cell_name, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(5e5, 6e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
+    pat3.refs[cell_name] = [
+        Ref(offset=(1e5, 3e5), annotations={'4': ['Hello I am the base Ref']}),
+        Ref(offset=(2e5, 3e5), rotation=pi/3),
+        Ref(offset=(3e5, 3e5), rotation=pi/2),
+        Ref(offset=(4e5, 3e5), rotation=pi),
+        Ref(offset=(5e5, 3e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
+        Ref(mirrored=True, offset=(1e5, 4e5)),
+        Ref(mirrored=True, offset=(2e5, 4e5), rotation=pi/3),
+        Ref(mirrored=True, offset=(3e5, 4e5), rotation=pi/2),
+        Ref(mirrored=True, offset=(4e5, 4e5), rotation=pi),
+        Ref(mirrored=True, offset=(5e5, 4e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
+        Ref(offset=(1e5, 5e5)).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(offset=(2e5, 5e5), rotation=pi/3).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(offset=(3e5, 5e5), rotation=pi/2).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(offset=(4e5, 5e5), rotation=pi).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(offset=(5e5, 5e5), rotation=3*pi/2).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(offset=(1e5, 6e5)).mirror2d_target(True, True),
+        Ref(offset=(2e5, 6e5), rotation=pi/3).mirror2d_target(True, True),
+        Ref(offset=(3e5, 6e5), rotation=pi/2).mirror2d_target(True, True),
+        Ref(offset=(4e5, 6e5), rotation=pi).mirror2d_target(True, True),
+        Ref(offset=(5e5, 6e5), rotation=3*pi/2).mirror2d_target(True, True),
         ]
 
     lib['sref_test'] = pat3
@@ -70,27 +71,27 @@ def main():
         b_count=2,
         )
     pat4 = Pattern()
-    pat4.refs = [
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, offset=(1e5, 3e5)),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, offset=(2e5, 3e5), rotation=pi/3),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, offset=(3e5, 3e5), rotation=pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, offset=(4e5, 3e5), rotation=pi),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, offset=(5e5, 3e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(1e5, 4e5)),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(2e5, 4e5), rotation=pi/3),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(3e5, 4e5), rotation=pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(4e5, 4e5), rotation=pi),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, False), offset=(5e5, 4e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(1e5, 5e5)),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(2e5, 5e5), rotation=pi/3),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(3e5, 5e5), rotation=pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(4e5, 5e5), rotation=pi),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(False, True), offset=(5e5, 5e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(1e5, 6e5)),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(2e5, 6e5), rotation=pi/3),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(3e5, 6e5), rotation=pi/2),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(4e5, 6e5), rotation=pi),
-        Ref(cell_name, repetition=rep, mirrored=(True, True), offset=(5e5, 6e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
+    pat4.refs[cell_name] = [
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(1e5, 3e5)),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(2e5, 3e5), rotation=pi/3),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(3e5, 3e5), rotation=pi/2),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(4e5, 3e5), rotation=pi),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(5e5, 3e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, mirrored=True, offset=(1e5, 4e5)),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, mirrored=True, offset=(2e5, 4e5), rotation=pi/3),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, mirrored=True, offset=(3e5, 4e5), rotation=pi/2),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, mirrored=True, offset=(4e5, 4e5), rotation=pi),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, mirrored=True, offset=(5e5, 4e5), rotation=3*pi/2),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(1e5, 5e5)).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(2e5, 5e5), rotation=pi/3).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(3e5, 5e5), rotation=pi/2).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(4e5, 5e5), rotation=pi).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(5e5, 5e5), rotation=3*pi/2).mirror_target(1),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(1e5, 6e5)).mirror2d_target(True, True),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(2e5, 6e5), rotation=pi/3).mirror2d_target(True, True),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(3e5, 6e5), rotation=pi/2).mirror2d_target(True, True),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(4e5, 6e5), rotation=pi).mirror2d_target(True, True),
+        Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(5e5, 6e5), rotation=3*pi/2).mirror2d_target(True, True),
         ]
 
     lib['aref_test'] = pat4
diff --git a/masque/abstract.py b/masque/abstract.py
index 0f06144..bdc2952 100644
--- a/masque/abstract.py
+++ b/masque/abstract.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
 
 from .ref import Ref
 from .ports import PortList, Port
-from .utils import rotation_matrix_2d, normalize_mirror
+from .utils import rotation_matrix_2d
 
 #if TYPE_CHECKING:
 #    from .builder import Builder, Tool
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class Abstract(PortList):
             port.rotate(rotation)
         return self
 
-    def mirror_port_offsets(self, across_axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror_port_offsets(self, across_axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror the offsets of all shapes, labels, and refs across an axis
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class Abstract(PortList):
             port.offset[across_axis - 1] *= -1
         return self
 
-    def mirror_ports(self, across_axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror_ports(self, across_axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror each port's rotation across an axis, relative to its
           offset
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class Abstract(PortList):
             port.mirror(across_axis)
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, across_axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror(self, across_axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror the Pattern across an axis
 
@@ -200,11 +200,10 @@ class Abstract(PortList):
         Returns:
             self
         """
-        mirrored_across_x, angle = normalize_mirror(ref.mirrored)
-        if mirrored_across_x:
-            self.mirror(across_axis=0)
-        self.rotate_ports(angle + ref.rotation)
-        self.rotate_port_offsets(angle + ref.rotation)
+        if ref.mirrored:
+            self.mirror()
+        self.rotate_ports(ref.rotation)
+        self.rotate_port_offsets(ref.rotation)
         self.translate_ports(ref.offset)
         return self
 
@@ -221,10 +220,9 @@ class Abstract(PortList):
 
         # TODO test undo_ref_transform
         """
-        mirrored_across_x, angle = normalize_mirror(ref.mirrored)
         self.translate_ports(-ref.offset)
-        self.rotate_port_offsets(-angle - ref.rotation)
-        self.rotate_ports(-angle - ref.rotation)
-        if mirrored_across_x:
-            self.mirror(across_axis=0)
+        self.rotate_port_offsets(-ref.rotation)
+        self.rotate_ports(-ref.rotation)
+        if ref.mirrored:
+            self.mirror(0)
         return self
diff --git a/masque/builder/builder.py b/masque/builder/builder.py
index 0bae1c2..273361b 100644
--- a/masque/builder/builder.py
+++ b/masque/builder/builder.py
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ class Builder(PortList):
 #            map_in: dict[str, str],
 #            map_out: dict[str, str | None] | None,
 #            *,
-#            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool],
+#            mirrored: bool = False,
 #            inherit_name: bool,
 #            set_rotation: bool | None,
 #            append: bool,
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class Builder(PortList):
 #            map_in: dict[str, str],
 #            map_out: dict[str, str | None] | None = None,
 #            *,
-#            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool] = (False, False),
+#            mirrored: bool = False,
 #            inherit_name: bool = True,
 #            set_rotation: bool | None = None,
 #            append: bool = False,
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ class Builder(PortList):
             map_in: dict[str, str],
             map_out: dict[str, str | None] | None = None,
             *,
-            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool] = (False, False),
+            mirrored: bool = False,
             inherit_name: bool = True,
             set_rotation: bool | None = None,
             append: bool = False,
@@ -351,11 +351,9 @@ class Builder(PortList):
 
         if isinstance(other, Pattern):
             assert append
-            self.place(other, offset=translation, rotation=rotation, pivot=pivot,
-                       mirrored=mirrored, port_map=map_out, skip_port_check=True, append=append)
-        else:
-            self.place(other, offset=translation, rotation=rotation, pivot=pivot,
-                       mirrored=mirrored, port_map=map_out, skip_port_check=True, append=append)
+
+        self.place(other, offset=translation, rotation=rotation, pivot=pivot,
+                   mirrored=mirrored, port_map=map_out, skip_port_check=True, append=append)
         return self
 
 #    @overload
@@ -366,7 +364,7 @@ class Builder(PortList):
 #            offset: ArrayLike,
 #            rotation: float,
 #            pivot: ArrayLike,
-#            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool],
+#            mirrored: bool = False,
 #            port_map: dict[str, str | None] | None,
 #            skip_port_check: bool,
 #            append: bool,
@@ -381,7 +379,7 @@ class Builder(PortList):
 #            offset: ArrayLike,
 #            rotation: float,
 #            pivot: ArrayLike,
-#            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool],
+#            mirrored: bool = False,
 #            port_map: dict[str, str | None] | None,
 #            skip_port_check: bool,
 #            append: Literal[True],
@@ -395,7 +393,7 @@ class Builder(PortList):
             offset: ArrayLike = (0, 0),
             rotation: float = 0,
             pivot: ArrayLike = (0, 0),
-            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool] = (False, False),
+            mirrored: bool = False,
             port_map: dict[str, str | None] | None = None,
             skip_port_check: bool = False,
             append: bool = False,
@@ -461,7 +459,8 @@ class Builder(PortList):
 
         for name, port in ports.items():
             p = port.deepcopy()
-            p.mirror2d(mirrored)
+            if mirrored:
+                p.mirror()
             p.rotate_around(pivot, rotation)
             p.translate(offset)
             self.ports[name] = p
@@ -476,7 +475,8 @@ class Builder(PortList):
                 other_pat = self.library[name]
             other_copy = other_pat.deepcopy()
             other_copy.ports.clear()
-            other_copy.mirror2d(mirrored)
+            if mirrored:
+                other_copy.mirror()
             other_copy.rotate_around(pivot, rotation)
             other_copy.translate_elements(offset)
             self.pattern.append(other_copy)
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ class Builder(PortList):
             port.rotate_around(pivot, angle)
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror the pattern and all ports across the specified axis.
 
@@ -528,8 +528,6 @@ class Builder(PortList):
             self
         """
         self.pattern.mirror(axis)
-        for p in self.ports.values():
-            p.mirror(axis)
         return self
 
     def set_dead(self) -> Self:
diff --git a/masque/builder/renderpather.py b/masque/builder/renderpather.py
index 9194653..852bf2e 100644
--- a/masque/builder/renderpather.py
+++ b/masque/builder/renderpather.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from ..library import ILibrary
 from ..error import PortError, BuildError
 from ..ports import PortList, Port
 from ..abstract import Abstract
-from ..utils import rotation_matrix_2d
 from ..utils import SupportsBool
 from .tools import Tool, RenderStep
 from .utils import ell
@@ -94,7 +93,6 @@ class RenderPather(PortList):
         else:
             self.tools = dict(tools)
 
-
     @classmethod
     def interface(
             cls,
@@ -200,7 +198,7 @@ class RenderPather(PortList):
             map_in: dict[str, str],
             map_out: dict[str, str | None] | None = None,
             *,
-            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool] = (False, False),
+            mirrored: bool = False,
             inherit_name: bool = True,
             set_rotation: bool | None = None,
             ) -> Self:
@@ -250,7 +248,7 @@ class RenderPather(PortList):
             offset: ArrayLike = (0, 0),
             rotation: float = 0,
             pivot: ArrayLike = (0, 0),
-            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool] = (False, False),
+            mirrored: bool = False,
             port_map: dict[str, str | None] | None = None,
             skip_port_check: bool = False,
             ) -> Self:
@@ -280,7 +278,8 @@ class RenderPather(PortList):
 
         for name, port in ports.items():
             p = port.deepcopy()
-            p.mirror2d(mirrored)
+            if mirrored:
+                p.mirror()
             p.rotate_around(pivot, rotation)
             p.translate(offset)
             self.ports[name] = p
diff --git a/masque/builder/tools.py b/masque/builder/tools.py
index 2aadc6f..b411295 100644
--- a/masque/builder/tools.py
+++ b/masque/builder/tools.py
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class BasicTool(Tool, metaclass=ABCMeta):
             bb.plug(straight, {port_names[1]: sport_in})
         if data.ccw is not None:
             bend, bport_in, bport_out = self.bend
-            bb.plug(bend, {port_names[1]: bport_in}, mirrored=(False, bool(ccw)))
+            bb.plug(bend, {port_names[1]: bport_in}, mirrored=bool(ccw))
         if data.out_transition:
             opat, oport_theirs, oport_ours = data.out_transition
             bb.plug(opat, {port_names[1]: oport_ours})
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class BasicTool(Tool, metaclass=ABCMeta):
                         bb.plug(straight, {port_names[1]: sport_in}, append=True)
                 if ccw is not None:
                     bend, bport_in, bport_out = self.bend
-                    bb.plug(bend, {port_names[1]: bport_in}, mirrored=(False, bool(ccw)))
+                    bb.plug(bend, {port_names[1]: bport_in}, mirrored=bool(ccw))
                 if out_transition:
                     opat, oport_theirs, oport_ours = out_transition
                     bb.plug(opat, {port_names[1]: oport_ours})
@@ -256,7 +256,6 @@ class PathTool(Tool, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     #class LData:
     #    dxy: NDArray[numpy.float64]
 
-
     #def __init__(self, layer: layer_t, width: float, ptype: str = 'unk') -> None:
     #    Tool.__init__(self)
     #    self.layer = layer
diff --git a/masque/file/dxf.py b/masque/file/dxf.py
index 8875672..31582b7 100644
--- a/masque/file/dxf.py
+++ b/masque/file/dxf.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ from .. import Pattern, Ref, PatternError, Label
 from ..library import ILibraryView, LibraryView, Library
 from ..shapes import Shape, Polygon, Path
 from ..repetition import Grid
-from ..utils import rotation_matrix_2d, layer_t
+from ..utils import rotation_matrix_2d, layer_t, normalize_mirror
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -258,8 +258,8 @@ def _read_block(block) -> tuple[str, Pattern]:
             if abs(xscale) != abs(yscale):
                 logger.warning('Masque does not support per-axis scaling; using x-scaling only!')
             scale = abs(xscale)
-            mirrored = (yscale < 0, xscale < 0)
-            rotation = numpy.deg2rad(attr.get('rotation', 0))
+            mirrored, extra_angle = normalize_mirror((yscale < 0, xscale < 0))
+            rotation = numpy.deg2rad(attr.get('rotation', 0)) + extra_angle
 
             offset = numpy.array(attr.get('insert', (0, 0, 0)))[:2]
 
@@ -291,8 +291,8 @@ def _mrefs_to_drefs(
     def mk_blockref(encoded_name: str, ref: Ref) -> None:
         rotation = numpy.rad2deg(ref.rotation) % 360
         attribs = dict(
-            xscale=ref.scale * (-1 if ref.mirrored[1] else 1),
-            yscale=ref.scale * (-1 if ref.mirrored[0] else 1),
+            xscale=ref.scale,
+            yscale=ref.scale * (-1 if ref.mirrored else 1),
             rotation=rotation,
             )
 
diff --git a/masque/file/gdsii.py b/masque/file/gdsii.py
index 039cc55..e4175fa 100644
--- a/masque/file/gdsii.py
+++ b/masque/file/gdsii.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from .utils import is_gzipped, tmpfile
 from .. import Pattern, Ref, PatternError, LibraryError, Label, Shape
 from ..shapes import Polygon, Path
 from ..repetition import Grid
-from ..utils import layer_t, normalize_mirror, annotations_t
+from ..utils import layer_t, annotations_t
 from ..library import LazyLibrary, Library, ILibrary, ILibraryView
 
 
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ def _gref_to_mref(ref: klamath.library.Reference) -> tuple[str, Ref]:
         offset=offset,
         rotation=numpy.deg2rad(ref.angle_deg),
         scale=ref.mag,
-        mirrored=(ref.invert_y, False),
+        mirrored=ref.invert_y,
         annotations=_properties_to_annotations(ref.properties),
         repetition=repetition,
         )
@@ -348,10 +348,9 @@ def _mrefs_to_grefs(refs: dict[str | None, list[Ref]]) -> list[klamath.library.R
             continue
         encoded_name = target.encode('ASCII')
         for ref in rseq:
-            # Note: GDS mirrors first and rotates second
-            mirror_across_x, extra_angle = normalize_mirror(ref.mirrored)
+            # Note: GDS also mirrors first and rotates second
             rep = ref.repetition
-            angle_deg = numpy.rad2deg(ref.rotation + extra_angle) % 360
+            angle_deg = numpy.rad2deg(ref.rotation) % 360
             properties = _annotations_to_properties(ref.annotations, 512)
 
             if isinstance(rep, Grid):
@@ -367,7 +366,7 @@ def _mrefs_to_grefs(refs: dict[str | None, list[Ref]]) -> list[klamath.library.R
                     xy=rint_cast(xy),
                     colrow=(numpy.rint(rep.a_count), numpy.rint(rep.b_count)),
                     angle_deg=angle_deg,
-                    invert_y=mirror_across_x,
+                    invert_y=ref.mirrored,
                     mag=ref.scale,
                     properties=properties,
                     )
@@ -378,7 +377,7 @@ def _mrefs_to_grefs(refs: dict[str | None, list[Ref]]) -> list[klamath.library.R
                     xy=rint_cast([ref.offset]),
                     colrow=None,
                     angle_deg=angle_deg,
-                    invert_y=mirror_across_x,
+                    invert_y=ref.mirrored,
                     mag=ref.scale,
                     properties=properties,
                     )
@@ -390,7 +389,7 @@ def _mrefs_to_grefs(refs: dict[str | None, list[Ref]]) -> list[klamath.library.R
                         xy=rint_cast([ref.offset + dd]),
                         colrow=None,
                         angle_deg=angle_deg,
-                        invert_y=mirror_across_x,
+                        invert_y=ref.mirrored,
                         mag=ref.scale,
                         properties=properties,
                         )
diff --git a/masque/file/oasis.py b/masque/file/oasis.py
index d05c0a9..befa325 100644
--- a/masque/file/oasis.py
+++ b/masque/file/oasis.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from .. import Pattern, Ref, PatternError, LibraryError, Label, Shape
 from ..library import Library, ILibrary
 from ..shapes import Path, Circle
 from ..repetition import Grid, Arbitrary, Repetition
-from ..utils import layer_t, normalize_mirror, annotations_t
+from ..utils import layer_t, annotations_t
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ def _placement_to_ref(placement: fatrec.Placement, lib: fatamorgana.OasisLayout)
         rotation = numpy.deg2rad(float(placement.angle))
     ref = Ref(
         offset=xy,
-        mirrored=(placement.flip, False),
+        mirrored=placement.flip,
         rotation=rotation,
         scale=float(mag),
         repetition=repetition_fata2masq(placement.repetition),
@@ -511,15 +511,14 @@ def _refs_to_placements(
         if target is None:
             continue
         for ref in rseq:
-            # Note: OASIS mirrors first and rotates second
-            mirror_across_x, extra_angle = normalize_mirror(ref.mirrored)
+            # Note: OASIS also mirrors first and rotates second
             frep, rep_offset = repetition_masq2fata(ref.repetition)
 
             offset = rint_cast(ref.offset + rep_offset)
-            angle = numpy.rad2deg(ref.rotation + extra_angle) % 360
+            angle = numpy.rad2deg(ref.rotation) % 360
             placement = fatrec.Placement(
                 name=target,
-                flip=mirror_across_x,
+                flip=ref.mirrored,
                 angle=angle,
                 magnification=ref.scale,
                 properties=annotations_to_properties(ref.annotations),
diff --git a/masque/library.py b/masque/library.py
index 2f107ed..6957031 100644
--- a/masque/library.py
+++ b/masque/library.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import numpy
 from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
 
 from .error import LibraryError, PatternError
-from .utils import rotation_matrix_2d, normalize_mirror
+from .utils import rotation_matrix_2d
 from .shapes import Shape, Polygon
 from .label import Label
 from .abstract import Abstract
@@ -410,9 +410,7 @@ class ILibraryView(Mapping[str, 'Pattern'], metaclass=ABCMeta):
                     if transform[3]:
                         sign[1] = -1
                     xy = numpy.dot(rotation_matrix_2d(transform[2]), ref.offset * sign)
-                    mirror_x, angle = normalize_mirror(ref.mirrored)
-                    angle += ref.rotation
-                    ref_transform = transform + (xy[0], xy[1], angle, mirror_x)
+                    ref_transform = transform + (xy[0], xy[1], ref.rotation, ref.mirrored)
                     ref_transform[3] %= 2
                 else:
                     ref_transform = False
diff --git a/masque/pattern.py b/masque/pattern.py
index 2fc66c7..4be3e3f 100644
--- a/masque/pattern.py
+++ b/masque/pattern.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from numpy.typing import NDArray, ArrayLike
 from .ref import Ref
 from .shapes import Shape, Polygon, Path, DEFAULT_POLY_NUM_VERTICES
 from .label import Label
-from .utils import rotation_matrix_2d, annotations_t, layer_t, normalize_mirror
+from .utils import rotation_matrix_2d, annotations_t, layer_t
 from .error import PatternError
 from .traits import AnnotatableImpl, Scalable, Mirrorable, Rotatable, Positionable, Repeatable, Bounded
 from .ports import Port, PortList
@@ -370,12 +370,10 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
                             bounds = None
                         else:
                             ubounds = unrot_bounds.copy()
-                            mirr_x, rot2 = normalize_mirror(ref.mirrored)
-                            if mirr_x:
+                            if ref.mirrored:
                                 ubounds[:, 1] *= -1
 
-                            # note: rounding fixes up sin/cos inaccuracy, probably unnecessary
-                            corners = (numpy.round(rotation_matrix_2d(ref.rotation + rot2)) @ ubounds.T).T
+                            corners = (rotation_matrix_2d(ref.rotation) @ ubounds.T).T
                             bounds = numpy.vstack((numpy.min(corners, axis=0),
                                                    numpy.max(corners, axis=0))) * ref.scale + [ref.offset]
 
@@ -518,7 +516,7 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
             cast(Rotatable, entry).rotate(rotation)
         return self
 
-    def mirror_element_centers(self, across_axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror_element_centers(self, across_axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror the offsets of all shapes, labels, and refs across an axis
 
@@ -533,7 +531,7 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
             cast(Positionable, entry).offset[across_axis - 1] *= -1
         return self
 
-    def mirror_elements(self, across_axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror_elements(self, across_axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror each shape, ref, and pattern across an axis, relative
           to its offset
@@ -549,7 +547,7 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
             cast(Mirrorable, entry).mirror(across_axis)
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, across_axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror(self, across_axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror the Pattern across an axis
 
diff --git a/masque/ports.py b/masque/ports.py
index 688ed7a..add336c 100644
--- a/masque/ports.py
+++ b/masque/ports.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class Port(PositionableImpl, Rotatable, PivotableImpl, Copyable, Mirrorable):
         self.ptype = ptype
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         self.offset[1 - axis] *= -1
         if self.rotation is not None:
             self.rotation *= -1
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ class PortList(metaclass=ABCMeta):
             other: 'PortList',
             map_in: dict[str, str],
             *,
-            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool] = (False, False),
+            mirrored: bool = False,
             set_rotation: bool | None = None,
             ) -> tuple[NDArray[numpy.float64], float, NDArray[numpy.float64]]:
         """
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class PortList(metaclass=ABCMeta):
             other: a device
             map_in: dict of `{'self_port': 'other_port'}` mappings, specifying
                 port connections between the two devices.
-            mirrored: Mirrors `other` across the x or y axes prior to
+            mirrored: Mirrors `other` across the x axis prior to
                 connecting any ports.
             set_rotation: If the necessary rotation cannot be determined from
                 the ports being connected (i.e. all pairs have at least one
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class PortList(metaclass=ABCMeta):
             o_ports: Mapping[str, Port],
             map_in: dict[str, str],
             *,
-            mirrored: tuple[bool, bool] = (False, False),
+            mirrored: bool = False,
             set_rotation: bool | None = None,
             ) -> tuple[NDArray[numpy.float64], float, NDArray[numpy.float64]]:
         """
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ class PortList(metaclass=ABCMeta):
             o_ports: A list of ports which are to be moved/mirrored.
             map_in: dict of `{'s_port': 'o_port'}` mappings, specifying
                 port connections.
-            mirrored: Mirrors `o_ports` across the x or y axes prior to
+            mirrored: Mirrors `o_ports` across the x axis prior to
                 connecting any ports.
             set_rotation: If the necessary rotation cannot be determined from
                 the ports being connected (i.e. all pairs have at least one
@@ -356,13 +356,9 @@ class PortList(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         o_has_rot = numpy.array([p.rotation is not None for p in o_ports.values()], dtype=bool)
         has_rot = s_has_rot & o_has_rot
 
-        if mirrored[0]:
+        if mirrored:
             o_offsets[:, 1] *= -1
             o_rotations *= -1
-        if mirrored[1]:
-            o_offsets[:, 0] *= -1
-            o_rotations *= -1
-            o_rotations += pi
 
         type_conflicts = numpy.array([st != ot and st != 'unk' and ot != 'unk'
                                       for st, ot in zip(s_types, o_types)])
diff --git a/masque/ref.py b/masque/ref.py
index 68a3e77..a3239a3 100644
--- a/masque/ref.py
+++ b/masque/ref.py
@@ -4,15 +4,14 @@
 """
 #TODO more top-level documentation
 
-from typing import Sequence, Mapping, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Self
+from typing import Mapping, TYPE_CHECKING, Self
 import copy
 
 import numpy
 from numpy import pi
 from numpy.typing import NDArray, ArrayLike
 
-from .error import PatternError
-from .utils import is_scalar, annotations_t
+from .utils import annotations_t
 from .repetition import Repetition
 from .traits import (
     PositionableImpl, RotatableImpl, ScalableImpl,
@@ -31,6 +30,8 @@ class Ref(
     """
     `Ref` provides basic support for nesting Pattern objects within each other, by adding
      offset, rotation, scaling, and associated methods.
+
+    Note: Order is (mirror, rotate, scale, translate, repeat)
     """
     __slots__ = (
         '_mirrored',
@@ -38,32 +39,41 @@ class Ref(
         '_offset', '_rotation', 'scale', '_repetition', '_annotations',
         )
 
-    _mirrored: NDArray[numpy.bool_]
-    """ Whether to mirror the instance across the x and/or y axes. """
+    _mirrored: bool
+    """ Whether to mirror the instance across the x axis (new_y = -old_y)ubefore rotating. """
+
+    # Mirrored property
+    @property
+    def mirrored(self) -> bool:     # mypy#3004, setter should be SupportsBool
+        return self._mirrored
+
+    @mirrored.setter
+    def mirrored(self, val: bool) -> None:
+        self._mirrored = bool(val)
 
     def __init__(
             self,
             *,
             offset: ArrayLike = (0.0, 0.0),
             rotation: float = 0.0,
-            mirrored: Sequence[bool] | None = None,
+            mirrored: bool = False,
             scale: float = 1.0,
             repetition: Repetition | None = None,
             annotations: annotations_t | None = None,
             ) -> None:
         """
+        Note: Order is (mirror, rotate, scale, translate, repeat)
+
         Args:
             offset: (x, y) offset applied to the referenced pattern. Not affected by rotation etc.
             rotation: Rotation (radians, counterclockwise) relative to the referenced pattern's (0, 0).
-            mirrored: Whether to mirror the referenced pattern across its x and y axes.
+            mirrored: Whether to mirror the referenced pattern across its x axis before rotating.
             scale: Scaling factor applied to the pattern's geometry.
             repetition: `Repetition` object, default `None`
         """
         self.offset = offset
         self.rotation = rotation
         self.scale = scale
-        if mirrored is None:
-            mirrored = (False, False)
         self.mirrored = mirrored
         self.repetition = repetition
         self.annotations = annotations if annotations is not None else {}
@@ -73,7 +83,7 @@ class Ref(
             offset=self.offset.copy(),
             rotation=self.rotation,
             scale=self.scale,
-            mirrored=self.mirrored.copy(),
+            mirrored=self.mirrored,
             repetition=copy.deepcopy(self.repetition),
             annotations=copy.deepcopy(self.annotations),
             )
@@ -86,17 +96,6 @@ class Ref(
         new.annotations = copy.deepcopy(self.annotations, memo)
         return new
 
-    # Mirrored property
-    @property
-    def mirrored(self) -> Any:   # TODO mypy#3004  NDArray[numpy.bool_]:
-        return self._mirrored
-
-    @mirrored.setter
-    def mirrored(self, val: ArrayLike) -> None:
-        if is_scalar(val):
-            raise PatternError('Mirrored must be a 2-element list of booleans')
-        self._mirrored = numpy.array(val, dtype=bool, copy=True)
-
     def as_pattern(
             self,
             pattern: 'Pattern',
@@ -113,8 +112,8 @@ class Ref(
 
         if self.scale != 1:
             pattern.scale_by(self.scale)
-        if numpy.any(self.mirrored):
-            pattern.mirror2d(self.mirrored)
+        if self.mirrored:
+            pattern.mirror()
         if self.rotation % (2 * pi) != 0:
             pattern.rotate_around((0.0, 0.0), self.rotation)
         if numpy.any(self.offset):
@@ -137,13 +136,24 @@ class Ref(
             self.repetition.rotate(rotation)
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> Self:
-        self.mirrored[axis] = not self.mirrored[axis]
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
+        self.mirror_target(axis)
         self.rotation *= -1
         if self.repetition is not None:
             self.repetition.mirror(axis)
         return self
 
+    def mirror_target(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
+        self.mirrored = not self.mirrored
+        self.rotation += axis * pi
+        return self
+
+    def mirror2d_target(self, across_x: bool = False, across_y: bool = False) -> Self:
+        self.mirrored = bool((self.mirrored + across_x + across_y) % 2)
+        if across_y:
+            self.rotation += pi
+        return self
+
     def get_bounds_single(
             self,
             pattern: 'Pattern',
@@ -169,5 +179,5 @@ class Ref(
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         rotation = f' r{numpy.rad2deg(self.rotation):g}' if self.rotation != 0 else ''
         scale = f' d{self.scale:g}' if self.scale != 1 else ''
-        mirrored = ' m{:d}{:d}'.format(*self.mirrored) if self.mirrored.any() else ''
+        mirrored = ' m' if self.mirrored else ''
         return f'<Ref {self.offset}{rotation}{scale}{mirrored}>'
diff --git a/masque/repetition.py b/masque/repetition.py
index d77e47f..0cb9e69 100644
--- a/masque/repetition.py
+++ b/masque/repetition.py
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
     Repetitions provide support for efficiently representing multiple identical
      instances of an object .
 """
-
-from typing import Any, Type
+from typing import Any, Type, Self, TypeVar
 import copy
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
 
@@ -15,6 +14,9 @@ from .error import PatternError
 from .utils import rotation_matrix_2d
 
 
+GG = TypeVar('GG', bound='Grid')
+
+
 class Repetition(Copyable, Rotatable, Mirrorable, Scalable, Bounded, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     """
     Interface common to all objects which specify repetitions
@@ -104,12 +106,12 @@ class Grid(Repetition):
 
     @classmethod
     def aligned(
-            cls: Type,
+            cls: Type[GG],
             x: float,
             y: float,
             x_count: int,
             y_count: int,
-            ) -> 'Grid':
+            ) -> GG:
         """
         Simple constructor for an axis-aligned 2D grid
 
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ class Grid(Repetition):
             )
         return new
 
-    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> 'Grid':
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> Self:
         memo = {} if memo is None else memo
         new = copy.copy(self)
         return new
@@ -197,7 +199,7 @@ class Grid(Repetition):
         return (aa.flatten()[:, None] * self.a_vector[None, :]
               + bb.flatten()[:, None] * self.b_vector[None, :])             # noqa
 
-    def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> 'Grid':
+    def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> Self:
         """
         Rotate lattice vectors (around (0, 0))
 
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ class Grid(Repetition):
             self.b_vector = numpy.dot(rotation_matrix_2d(rotation), self.b_vector)
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> 'Grid':
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror the Grid across an axis.
 
@@ -248,7 +250,7 @@ class Grid(Repetition):
         xy_max = numpy.max(corners, axis=0)
         return numpy.array((xy_min, xy_max))
 
-    def scale_by(self, c: float) -> 'Grid':
+    def scale_by(self, c: float) -> Self:
         """
         Scale the Grid by a factor
 
@@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ class Arbitrary(Repetition):
             return False
         return numpy.array_equal(self.displacements, other.displacements)
 
-    def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> 'Arbitrary':
+    def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> Self:
         """
         Rotate dispacements (around (0, 0))
 
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ class Arbitrary(Repetition):
         self.displacements = numpy.dot(rotation_matrix_2d(rotation), self.displacements.T).T
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> 'Arbitrary':
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror the displacements across an axis.
 
@@ -366,7 +368,7 @@ class Arbitrary(Repetition):
         xy_max = numpy.max(self.displacements, axis=0)
         return numpy.array((xy_min, xy_max))
 
-    def scale_by(self, c: float) -> 'Arbitrary':
+    def scale_by(self, c: float) -> Self:
         """
         Scale the displacements by a factor
 
diff --git a/masque/shapes/arc.py b/masque/shapes/arc.py
index 56318a5..17ed3fe 100644
--- a/masque/shapes/arc.py
+++ b/masque/shapes/arc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Sequence, Any
+from typing import Any
 import copy
 import math
 
@@ -155,7 +155,6 @@ class Arc(Shape):
             *,
             offset: ArrayLike = (0.0, 0.0),
             rotation: float = 0,
-            mirrored: Sequence[bool] = (False, False),
             repetition: Repetition | None = None,
             annotations: annotations_t | None = None,
             raw: bool = False,
@@ -179,7 +178,6 @@ class Arc(Shape):
             self.rotation = rotation
             self.repetition = repetition
             self.annotations = annotations if annotations is not None else {}
-        [self.mirror(a) for a, do in enumerate(mirrored) if do]
 
     def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> 'Arc':
         memo = {} if memo is None else memo
@@ -315,7 +313,7 @@ class Arc(Shape):
         self.rotation += theta
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> 'Arc':
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> 'Arc':
         self.offset[axis - 1] *= -1
         self.rotation *= -1
         self.rotation += axis * pi
diff --git a/masque/shapes/circle.py b/masque/shapes/circle.py
index 8176773..705c2d4 100644
--- a/masque/shapes/circle.py
+++ b/masque/shapes/circle.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class Circle(Shape):
     def rotate(self, theta: float) -> 'Circle':
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> 'Circle':
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> 'Circle':
         self.offset *= -1
         return self
 
diff --git a/masque/shapes/ellipse.py b/masque/shapes/ellipse.py
index 858e5d8..9a61478 100644
--- a/masque/shapes/ellipse.py
+++ b/masque/shapes/ellipse.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Sequence, Any
+from typing import Any, Self
 import copy
 import math
 
@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@ class Ellipse(Shape):
             *,
             offset: ArrayLike = (0.0, 0.0),
             rotation: float = 0,
-            mirrored: Sequence[bool] = (False, False),
             repetition: Repetition | None = None,
             annotations: annotations_t | None = None,
             raw: bool = False,
@@ -109,9 +108,8 @@ class Ellipse(Shape):
             self.rotation = rotation
             self.repetition = repetition
             self.annotations = annotations if annotations is not None else {}
-        [self.mirror(a) for a, do in enumerate(mirrored) if do]
 
-    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> 'Ellipse':
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> Self:
         memo = {} if memo is None else memo
         new = copy.copy(self)
         new._offset = self._offset.copy()
@@ -157,17 +155,17 @@ class Ellipse(Shape):
         return numpy.vstack((self.offset - rot_radii[0],
                              self.offset + rot_radii[1]))
 
-    def rotate(self, theta: float) -> 'Ellipse':
+    def rotate(self, theta: float) -> Self:
         self.rotation += theta
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> 'Ellipse':
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         self.offset[axis - 1] *= -1
         self.rotation *= -1
         self.rotation += axis * pi
         return self
 
-    def scale_by(self, c: float) -> 'Ellipse':
+    def scale_by(self, c: float) -> Self:
         self.radii *= c
         return self
 
diff --git a/masque/shapes/path.py b/masque/shapes/path.py
index a81318f..515be49 100644
--- a/masque/shapes/path.py
+++ b/masque/shapes/path.py
@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ class Path(Shape):
             cap_extensions: ArrayLike | None = None,
             offset: ArrayLike = (0.0, 0.0),
             rotation: float = 0,
-            mirrored: Sequence[bool] = (False, False),
             repetition: Repetition | None = None,
             annotations: annotations_t | None = None,
             raw: bool = False,
@@ -180,7 +179,6 @@ class Path(Shape):
             self.cap = cap
             self.cap_extensions = cap_extensions
         self.rotate(rotation)
-        [self.mirror(a) for a, do in enumerate(mirrored) if do]
 
     def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> 'Path':
         memo = {} if memo is None else memo
@@ -200,7 +198,6 @@ class Path(Shape):
             cap_extensions: tuple[float, float] | None = None,
             offset: ArrayLike = (0.0, 0.0),
             rotation: float = 0,
-            mirrored: Sequence[bool] = (False, False),
             ) -> 'Path':
         """
         Build a path by specifying the turn angles and travel distances
@@ -217,9 +214,6 @@ class Path(Shape):
                 Default `(0, 0)` or `None`, depending on cap type
             offset: Offset, default `(0, 0)`
             rotation: Rotation counterclockwise, in radians. Default `0`
-            mirrored: Whether to mirror across the x or y axes. For example,
-                `mirrored=(True, False)` results in a reflection across the x-axis,
-                multiplying the path's y-coordinates by -1. Default `(False, False)`
 
         Returns:
             The resulting Path object
@@ -233,7 +227,7 @@ class Path(Shape):
             verts.append(verts[-1] + direction * distance)
 
         return Path(vertices=verts, width=width, cap=cap, cap_extensions=cap_extensions,
-                    offset=offset, rotation=rotation, mirrored=mirrored)
+                    offset=offset, rotation=rotation)
 
     def to_polygons(
             self,
@@ -334,7 +328,7 @@ class Path(Shape):
             self.vertices = numpy.dot(rotation_matrix_2d(theta), self.vertices.T).T
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> 'Path':
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> 'Path':
         self.vertices[:, axis - 1] *= -1
         return self
 
diff --git a/masque/shapes/polygon.py b/masque/shapes/polygon.py
index fead3c7..0c562ae 100644
--- a/masque/shapes/polygon.py
+++ b/masque/shapes/polygon.py
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ class Polygon(Shape):
             *,
             offset: ArrayLike = (0.0, 0.0),
             rotation: float = 0.0,
-            mirrored: Sequence[bool] = (False, False),
             repetition: Repetition | None = None,
             annotations: annotations_t | None = None,
             raw: bool = False,
@@ -99,7 +98,6 @@ class Polygon(Shape):
             self.repetition = repetition
             self.annotations = annotations if annotations is not None else {}
         self.rotate(rotation)
-        [self.mirror(a) for a, do in enumerate(mirrored) if do]
 
     def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> 'Polygon':
         memo = {} if memo is None else memo
@@ -336,7 +334,7 @@ class Polygon(Shape):
             self.vertices = numpy.dot(rotation_matrix_2d(theta), self.vertices.T).T
         return self
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> 'Polygon':
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> 'Polygon':
         self.vertices[:, axis - 1] *= -1
         return self
 
diff --git a/masque/shapes/text.py b/masque/shapes/text.py
index 2192d3c..d4922f4 100644
--- a/masque/shapes/text.py
+++ b/masque/shapes/text.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Sequence, Any
+from typing import Self
 import copy
 
 import numpy
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ from . import Shape, Polygon, normalized_shape_tuple
 from ..error import PatternError
 from ..repetition import Repetition
 from ..traits import RotatableImpl
-from ..utils import is_scalar, get_bit, normalize_mirror
-from ..utils import annotations_t
+from ..utils import is_scalar, get_bit, annotations_t
 
 # Loaded on use:
 # from freetype import Face
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class Text(RotatableImpl, Shape):
 
     _string: str
     _height: float
-    _mirrored: NDArray[numpy.bool_]
+    _mirrored: bool
     font_path: str
 
     # vertices property
@@ -53,16 +52,13 @@ class Text(RotatableImpl, Shape):
             raise PatternError('Height must be a scalar')
         self._height = val
 
-    # Mirrored property
     @property
-    def mirrored(self) -> Any:   # TODO mypy#3004  NDArray[numpy.bool_]:
+    def mirrored(self) -> bool:     # mypy#3004, should be bool
         return self._mirrored
 
     @mirrored.setter
-    def mirrored(self, val: Sequence[bool]) -> None:
-        if is_scalar(val):
-            raise PatternError('Mirrored must be a 2-element list of booleans')
-        self._mirrored = numpy.array(val, dtype=bool, copy=True)
+    def mirrored(self, val: bool) -> None:
+        self._mirrored = bool(val)
 
     def __init__(
             self,
@@ -72,19 +68,16 @@ class Text(RotatableImpl, Shape):
             *,
             offset: ArrayLike = (0.0, 0.0),
             rotation: float = 0.0,
-            mirrored: ArrayLike = (False, False),
             repetition: Repetition | None = None,
             annotations: annotations_t | None = None,
             raw: bool = False,
             ) -> None:
         if raw:
             assert isinstance(offset, numpy.ndarray)
-            assert isinstance(mirrored, numpy.ndarray)
             self._offset = offset
             self._string = string
             self._height = height
             self._rotation = rotation
-            self._mirrored = mirrored
             self._repetition = repetition
             self._annotations = annotations if annotations is not None else {}
         else:
@@ -92,16 +85,14 @@ class Text(RotatableImpl, Shape):
             self.string = string
             self.height = height
             self.rotation = rotation
-            self.mirrored = mirrored
             self.repetition = repetition
             self.annotations = annotations if annotations is not None else {}
         self.font_path = font_path
 
-    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> 'Text':
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict | None = None) -> Self:
         memo = {} if memo is None else memo
         new = copy.copy(self)
         new._offset = self._offset.copy()
-        new._mirrored = copy.deepcopy(self._mirrored, memo)
         new._annotations = copy.deepcopy(self._annotations)
         return new
 
@@ -118,7 +109,8 @@ class Text(RotatableImpl, Shape):
             # Move these polygons to the right of the previous letter
             for xys in raw_polys:
                 poly = Polygon(xys)
-                poly.mirror2d(self.mirrored)
+                if self.mirrored:
+                    poly.mirror()
                 poly.scale_by(self.height)
                 poly.offset = self.offset + [total_advance, 0]
                 poly.rotate_around(self.offset, self.rotation)
@@ -129,27 +121,27 @@ class Text(RotatableImpl, Shape):
 
         return all_polygons
 
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> 'Text':
-        self.mirrored[axis] = not self.mirrored[axis]
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
+        self.mirrored = not self.mirrored
+        if axis == 1:
+            self.rotation += pi
         return self
 
-    def scale_by(self, c: float) -> 'Text':
+    def scale_by(self, c: float) -> Self:
         self.height *= c
         return self
 
     def normalized_form(self, norm_value: float) -> normalized_shape_tuple:
-        mirror_x, rotation = normalize_mirror(self.mirrored)
-        rotation += self.rotation
-        rotation %= 2 * pi
+        rotation = self.rotation % (2 * pi)
         return ((type(self), self.string, self.font_path),
-                (self.offset, self.height / norm_value, rotation, mirror_x),
+                (self.offset, self.height / norm_value, rotation, bool(self.mirrored)),
                 lambda: Text(
                     string=self.string,
                     height=self.height * norm_value,
                     font_path=self.font_path,
                     rotation=rotation,
-                    mirrored=(mirror_x, False),
-                    ))
+                    ).mirror2d(across_x=self.mirrored),
+                )
 
     def get_bounds_single(self) -> NDArray[numpy.float64]:
         # rotation makes this a huge pain when using slot.advance and glyph.bbox(), so
@@ -258,5 +250,5 @@ def get_char_as_polygons(
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         rotation = f' r°{numpy.rad2deg(self.rotation):g}' if self.rotation != 0 else ''
-        mirrored = ' m{:d}{:d}'.format(*self.mirrored) if self.mirrored.any() else ''
+        mirrored = ' m{:d}' if self.mirrored else ''
         return f'<TextShape "{self.string}" o{self.offset} h{self.height:g}{rotation}{mirrored}>'
diff --git a/masque/traits/mirrorable.py b/masque/traits/mirrorable.py
index 2d02f09..c547780 100644
--- a/masque/traits/mirrorable.py
+++ b/masque/traits/mirrorable.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class Mirrorable(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def mirror(self, axis: int) -> Self:
+    def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
         Mirror the entity across an axis.
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Mirrorable(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         """
         pass
 
-    def mirror2d(self, axes: tuple[bool, bool]) -> Self:
+    def mirror2d(self, across_x: bool = False, across_y: bool = False) -> Self:
         """
         Optionally mirror the entity across both axes
 
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ class Mirrorable(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         Returns:
             self
         """
-        if axes[0]:
+        if across_x:
             self.mirror(0)
-        if axes[1]:
+        if across_y:
             self.mirror(1)
         return self