diff --git a/masque/label.py b/masque/label.py
index 8b67c65..b662035 100644
--- a/masque/label.py
+++ b/masque/label.py
@@ -98,18 +98,20 @@ class Label(PositionableImpl, RepeatableImpl, AnnotatableImpl, Bounded, Pivotabl
         """
         pivot = numpy.asarray(pivot, dtype=float)
         self.translate(-pivot)
+        if self.repetition is not None:
+            self.repetition.rotate(rotation)
         self.offset = numpy.dot(rotation_matrix_2d(rotation), self.offset)
         self.translate(+pivot)
         return self
 
     def flip_across(self, axis: int | None = None, *, x: float | None = None, y: float | None = None) -> Self:
         """
-        Flip the label across a line in the pattern's coordinate system.
-
-        This operation mirrors the label's offset relative to the pattern's origin.
+        Extrinsic transformation: Flip the label across a line in the pattern's
+        coordinate system. This affects both the label's offset and its
+        repetition grid.
 
         Args:
-            axis: Axis to mirror across. 0 mirrors across y=0. 1 mirrors across x=0.
+            axis: Axis to mirror across. 0: x-axis (flip y), 1: y-axis (flip x).
             x: Vertical line x=val to mirror across.
             y: Horizontal line y=val to mirror across.
 
diff --git a/masque/pattern.py b/masque/pattern.py
index e515614..24f6397 100644
--- a/masque/pattern.py
+++ b/masque/pattern.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   Object representing a one multi-layer lithographic layout.
   A single level of hierarchical references is included.
 """
-from typing import cast, Self, Any, TypeVar, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import cast, Self, Any, TypeVar
 from collections.abc import Sequence, Mapping, MutableMapping, Iterable, Callable
 import copy
 import logging
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ from .error import PatternError, PortError
 from .traits import AnnotatableImpl, Scalable, Mirrorable, Rotatable, Positionable, Repeatable, Bounded
 from .ports import Port, PortList
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from .traits import Flippable
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -747,7 +745,9 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
 
     def rotate_around(self, pivot: ArrayLike, rotation: float) -> Self:
         """
-        Rotate the Pattern around the a location.
+        Extrinsic transformation: Rotate the Pattern around the a location in the
+        container's coordinate system. This affects all elements' offsets and
+        their repetition grids.
 
         Args:
             pivot: (x, y) location to rotate around
@@ -766,7 +766,9 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
 
     def rotate_element_centers(self, rotation: float) -> Self:
         """
-        Rotate the offsets of all shapes, labels, refs, and ports around (0, 0)
+        Extrinsic transformation part: Rotate the offsets and repetition grids of all
+        shapes, labels, refs, and ports around (0, 0) in the container's
+        coordinate system.
 
         Args:
             rotation: Angle to rotate by (counter-clockwise, radians)
@@ -777,11 +779,15 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
         for entry in chain(chain_elements(self.shapes, self.refs, self.labels), self.ports.values()):
             old_offset = cast('Positionable', entry).offset
             cast('Positionable', entry).offset = numpy.dot(rotation_matrix_2d(rotation), old_offset)
+            if isinstance(entry, Repeatable) and entry.repetition is not None:
+                entry.repetition.rotate(rotation)
         return self
 
     def rotate_elements(self, rotation: float) -> Self:
         """
-        Rotate each shape, ref, and port around its origin (offset)
+        Intrinsic transformation part: Rotate each shape, ref, label, and port around its
+        origin (offset) in the container's coordinate system. This does NOT
+        affect their repetition grids.
 
         Args:
             rotation: Angle to rotate by (counter-clockwise, radians)
@@ -789,13 +795,32 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
         Returns:
             self
         """
-        for entry in chain(chain_elements(self.shapes, self.refs), self.ports.values()):
-            cast('Rotatable', entry).rotate(rotation)
+        for entry in chain(chain_elements(self.shapes, self.refs, self.labels), self.ports.values()):
+            if isinstance(entry, Rotatable):
+                entry.rotate(rotation)
+        return self
+
+    def mirror_element_centers(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
+        """
+        Extrinsic transformation part: Mirror the offsets and repetition grids of all
+        shapes, labels, refs, and ports relative to the container's origin.
+
+        Args:
+            axis: Axis to mirror across (0: x-axis, 1: y-axis)
+
+        Returns:
+            self
+        """
+        for entry in chain(chain_elements(self.shapes, self.refs, self.labels), self.ports.values()):
+            cast('Positionable', entry).offset[1 - axis] *= -1
+            if isinstance(entry, Repeatable) and entry.repetition is not None:
+                entry.repetition.mirror(axis)
         return self
 
     def mirror_elements(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
-        Mirror each shape, ref, and port relative to its offset.
+        Intrinsic transformation part: Mirror each shape, ref, label, and port relative
+        to its offset. This does NOT affect their repetition grids.
 
         Args:
             axis: Axis to mirror across
@@ -805,14 +830,16 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
         Returns:
             self
         """
-        for entry in chain(chain_elements(self.shapes, self.refs), self.ports.values()):
-            cast('Mirrorable', entry).mirror(axis=axis)
+        for entry in chain(chain_elements(self.shapes, self.refs, self.labels), self.ports.values()):
+            if isinstance(entry, Mirrorable):
+                entry.mirror(axis=axis)
         self._log_bulk_update(f"mirror_elements({axis})")
         return self
 
     def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
-        Mirror the Pattern across an axis through its origin.
+        Extrinsic transformation: Mirror the Pattern across an axis through its origin.
+        This affects all elements' offsets and their internal orientations.
 
         Args:
             axis: Axis to mirror across (0: x-axis, 1: y-axis).
@@ -820,8 +847,8 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
         Returns:
             self
         """
-        for entry in chain(chain_elements(self.shapes, self.refs, self.labels), self.ports.values()):
-            cast('Flippable', entry).flip_across(axis=axis)
+        self.mirror_elements(axis=axis)
+        self.mirror_element_centers(axis=axis)
         self._log_bulk_update(f"mirror({axis})")
         return self
 
@@ -1168,6 +1195,7 @@ class Pattern(PortList, AnnotatableImpl, Mirrorable):
             for target, refs in pat.refs.items():
                 if target is None:
                     continue
+                assert library is not None
                 target_pat = library[target]
                 for ref in refs:
                     # Ref order of operations: mirror, rotate, scale, translate, repeat
diff --git a/masque/ref.py b/masque/ref.py
index 6423394..f3241e4 100644
--- a/masque/ref.py
+++ b/masque/ref.py
@@ -166,9 +166,11 @@ class Ref(
         return pattern
 
     def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> Self:
+        """
+        Intrinsic transformation: Rotate the target pattern relative to this Ref's
+        origin. This does NOT affect the repetition grid.
+        """
         self.rotation += rotation
-        if self.repetition is not None:
-            self.repetition.rotate(rotation)
         return self
 
     def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
diff --git a/masque/test/test_rotation_consistency.py b/masque/test/test_rotation_consistency.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f574f52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/masque/test/test_rotation_consistency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+
+from typing import cast
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
+from ..pattern import Pattern
+from ..ref import Ref
+from ..label import Label
+from ..repetition import Grid
+
+def test_ref_rotate_intrinsic() -> None:
+    # Intrinsic rotate() should NOT affect repetition
+    rep = Grid(a_vector=(10, 0), a_count=2)
+    ref = Ref(repetition=rep)
+
+    ref.rotate(np.pi/2)
+
+    assert_allclose(ref.rotation, np.pi/2, atol=1e-10)
+    # Grid vector should still be (10, 0)
+    assert ref.repetition is not None
+    assert_allclose(cast('Grid', ref.repetition).a_vector, [10, 0], atol=1e-10)
+
+def test_ref_rotate_around_extrinsic() -> None:
+    # Extrinsic rotate_around() SHOULD affect repetition
+    rep = Grid(a_vector=(10, 0), a_count=2)
+    ref = Ref(repetition=rep)
+
+    ref.rotate_around((0, 0), np.pi/2)
+
+    assert_allclose(ref.rotation, np.pi/2, atol=1e-10)
+    # Grid vector should be rotated to (0, 10)
+    assert ref.repetition is not None
+    assert_allclose(cast('Grid', ref.repetition).a_vector, [0, 10], atol=1e-10)
+
+def test_pattern_rotate_around_extrinsic() -> None:
+    # Pattern.rotate_around() SHOULD affect repetition of its elements
+    rep = Grid(a_vector=(10, 0), a_count=2)
+    ref = Ref(repetition=rep)
+
+    pat = Pattern()
+    pat.refs['cell'].append(ref)
+
+    pat.rotate_around((0, 0), np.pi/2)
+
+    # Check the ref inside the pattern
+    ref_in_pat = pat.refs['cell'][0]
+    assert_allclose(ref_in_pat.rotation, np.pi/2, atol=1e-10)
+    # Grid vector should be rotated to (0, 10)
+    assert ref_in_pat.repetition is not None
+    assert_allclose(cast('Grid', ref_in_pat.repetition).a_vector, [0, 10], atol=1e-10)
+
+def test_label_rotate_around_extrinsic() -> None:
+    # Extrinsic rotate_around() SHOULD affect repetition of labels
+    rep = Grid(a_vector=(10, 0), a_count=2)
+    lbl = Label("test", repetition=rep, offset=(5, 0))
+
+    lbl.rotate_around((0, 0), np.pi/2)
+
+    # Label offset should be (0, 5)
+    assert_allclose(lbl.offset, [0, 5], atol=1e-10)
+    # Grid vector should be rotated to (0, 10)
+    assert lbl.repetition is not None
+    assert_allclose(cast('Grid', lbl.repetition).a_vector, [0, 10], atol=1e-10)
+
+def test_pattern_rotate_elements_intrinsic() -> None:
+    # rotate_elements() should NOT affect repetition
+    rep = Grid(a_vector=(10, 0), a_count=2)
+    ref = Ref(repetition=rep)
+
+    pat = Pattern()
+    pat.refs['cell'].append(ref)
+
+    pat.rotate_elements(np.pi/2)
+
+    ref_in_pat = pat.refs['cell'][0]
+    assert_allclose(ref_in_pat.rotation, np.pi/2, atol=1e-10)
+    # Grid vector should still be (10, 0)
+    assert ref_in_pat.repetition is not None
+    assert_allclose(cast('Grid', ref_in_pat.repetition).a_vector, [10, 0], atol=1e-10)
+
+def test_pattern_rotate_element_centers_extrinsic() -> None:
+    # rotate_element_centers() SHOULD affect repetition and offset
+    rep = Grid(a_vector=(10, 0), a_count=2)
+    ref = Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(5, 0))
+
+    pat = Pattern()
+    pat.refs['cell'].append(ref)
+
+    pat.rotate_element_centers(np.pi/2)
+
+    ref_in_pat = pat.refs['cell'][0]
+    # Offset should be (0, 5)
+    assert_allclose(ref_in_pat.offset, [0, 5], atol=1e-10)
+    # Grid vector should be rotated to (0, 10)
+    assert ref_in_pat.repetition is not None
+    assert_allclose(cast('Grid', ref_in_pat.repetition).a_vector, [0, 10], atol=1e-10)
+    # Ref rotation should NOT be changed
+    assert_allclose(ref_in_pat.rotation, 0, atol=1e-10)
+
+def test_pattern_mirror_elements_intrinsic() -> None:
+    # mirror_elements() should NOT affect repetition or offset
+    rep = Grid(a_vector=(10, 5), a_count=2)
+    ref = Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(5, 2))
+
+    pat = Pattern()
+    pat.refs['cell'].append(ref)
+
+    pat.mirror_elements(axis=0) # Mirror across x (flip y)
+
+    ref_in_pat = pat.refs['cell'][0]
+    assert ref_in_pat.mirrored is True
+    # Repetition and offset should be unchanged
+    assert ref_in_pat.repetition is not None
+    assert_allclose(cast('Grid', ref_in_pat.repetition).a_vector, [10, 5], atol=1e-10)
+    assert_allclose(ref_in_pat.offset, [5, 2], atol=1e-10)
+
+def test_pattern_mirror_element_centers_extrinsic() -> None:
+    # mirror_element_centers() SHOULD affect repetition and offset
+    rep = Grid(a_vector=(10, 5), a_count=2)
+    ref = Ref(repetition=rep, offset=(5, 2))
+
+    pat = Pattern()
+    pat.refs['cell'].append(ref)
+
+    pat.mirror_element_centers(axis=0) # Mirror across x (flip y)
+
+    ref_in_pat = pat.refs['cell'][0]
+    # Offset should be (5, -2)
+    assert_allclose(ref_in_pat.offset, [5, -2], atol=1e-10)
+    # Grid vector should be (10, -5)
+    assert ref_in_pat.repetition is not None
+    assert_allclose(cast('Grid', ref_in_pat.repetition).a_vector, [10, -5], atol=1e-10)
+    # Ref mirrored state should NOT be changed
+    assert ref_in_pat.mirrored is False
diff --git a/masque/traits/mirrorable.py b/masque/traits/mirrorable.py
index ac00147..2a3a9fb 100644
--- a/masque/traits/mirrorable.py
+++ b/masque/traits/mirrorable.py
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ class Mirrorable(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     @abstractmethod
     def mirror(self, axis: int = 0) -> Self:
         """
-        Mirror the entity across an axis through its origin.
+        Intrinsic transformation: Mirror the entity across an axis through its origin.
+        This does NOT affect the object's repetition grid.
 
         This operation is performed relative to the object's internal origin (ignoring
         its offset). For objects like `Polygon` and `Path` where the offset is forced
@@ -75,7 +76,8 @@ class Flippable(Positionable, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     @abstractmethod
     def flip_across(self, axis: int | None = None, *, x: float | None = None, y: float | None = None) -> Self:
         """
-        Mirror the object across a line in the container's coordinate system.
+        Extrinsic transformation: Mirror the object across a line in the container's
+        coordinate system. This affects both the object's offset and its repetition grid.
 
         Unlike `mirror()`, this operation is performed relative to the container's origin
         (e.g. the `Pattern` origin, in the case of shapes) and takes the object's offset
diff --git a/masque/traits/rotatable.py b/masque/traits/rotatable.py
index 2517e2e..436d0a2 100644
--- a/masque/traits/rotatable.py
+++ b/masque/traits/rotatable.py
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ class Rotatable(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     @abstractmethod
     def rotate(self, val: float) -> Self:
         """
-        Rotate the shape around its origin (0, 0), ignoring its offset.
+        Intrinsic transformation: Rotate the shape around its origin (0, 0), ignoring its offset.
+        This does NOT affect the object's repetition grid.
 
         Args:
             val: Angle to rotate by (counterclockwise, radians)
@@ -63,6 +64,10 @@ class RotatableImpl(Rotatable, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     # Methods
     #
     def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> Self:
+        """
+        Intrinsic transformation: Rotate the shape around its origin (0, 0), ignoring its offset.
+        This does NOT affect the object's repetition grid.
+        """
         self.rotation += rotation
         return self
 
@@ -82,7 +87,7 @@ class RotatableImpl(Rotatable, metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
 class Pivotable(Positionable, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     """
-    Trait class for entites which can be rotated around a point.
+    Trait class for entities which can be rotated around a point.
     This requires that they are `Positionable` but not necessarily `Rotatable` themselves.
     """
     __slots__ = ()
@@ -90,7 +95,11 @@ class Pivotable(Positionable, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     @abstractmethod
     def rotate_around(self, pivot: ArrayLike, rotation: float) -> Self:
         """
-        Rotate the object around a point.
+        Extrinsic transformation: Rotate the object around a point in the container's
+        coordinate system. This affects both the object's offset and its repetition grid.
+
+        For objects that are also `Rotatable`, this also performs an intrinsic
+        rotation of the object.
 
         Args:
             pivot: Point (x, y) to rotate around
@@ -110,9 +119,12 @@ class PivotableImpl(Pivotable, Rotatable, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     __slots__ = ()
 
     def rotate_around(self, pivot: ArrayLike, rotation: float) -> Self:
+        from .repeatable import Repeatable     #noqa: PLC0415
         pivot = numpy.asarray(pivot, dtype=float)
         self.translate(-pivot)
         self.rotate(rotation)
+        if isinstance(self, Repeatable) and self.repetition is not None:
+            self.repetition.rotate(rotation)
         self.offset = numpy.dot(rotation_matrix_2d(rotation), self.offset)
         self.translate(+pivot)
         return self